| Term | Definition |
|---|
| what does liver perform? | metabolic and hematological regulation |
| what does liver produce? | bile by hepatic cells |
| metabolic role of liver? | regulate the concentrations of wastes and nutrients in the blood |
| hematological role of liver? | acts as a blood reservoir |
| classical toplogical description of liver? | has organ divided into four lobes: left, right, quadrate and caudate |
| where is gallbladder located? | in a fossa within the posterior surface of the right lobe |
| what is newly adopted terminology for the lobular structure for liver based opon? | the subdivisions of the hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic ducts |
| what supplies blood to the liver? | hepatic artery proper and hepatic portal vein |
| what do hepatic veins do? | drain blood from the liver and return it to the systemic circuit via the inferior vena cava |
| what are liver cells? | specialized epithelial cells, termed hepatocytes |
| what are kupffer cells? | phagocytic cells that reside in the sinusoidal lining |
| what is another name for kupffer cells? | stellate reticuloendothelial cells |
| what is liver lobule? | the basic functional unit of the liver |
| characteristics of liver lobules? | 1. each lobule is hexagonal in cross section and contains six portal areas |
| another name for portal areas | hepatic triads |
| what does portal area consist of? | a branch of hepatic portal vein, a branch of the hepatic artery proper, and a branch of the hepatic (bile) duct |
| where do bile canaliculi carry bile? | to bile ductules that lead to portal areas |
| what does the union of bile ducts from each lobule form? | left and right hepatic ducts |
| what does the merging of left and right hepatic ducts form? | common hepatic duct |
| what is the gallbladder? | a hollow muscular organ that stores and concentrates bile before excretion in the small intestine |
| what do bile salts do? | break apart large drops of lipids and make them accessible to digestive enzymes |
| how does bile ejection occur? | under stimulation of cholecytstokinin |
| divisions of gallbladder? | fundus, body and neck regions |
| where does cystic duct lead? | from the gallbladder to merge with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct |
| divisions of pancreas? | head, body and tail regions |
| what does pancreatic duct penetrate? | the wall of the duodenum |
| what happens to the ducts within each lobule of the pancreas? | they branch repeatedly before ending in the pancreatic acini (blind pockets) |
| what do the accessory pancreatic duct (if present) and pancreatic duct perforate? and why? | they perforate the wall of the duodenum to discharge pancreatic juice at the lesser duodenal papilla and greater duodenal papilla, respectively |
| types of pancreatic enzymes? | lipases, carbohydrates, nucleases, and proteolytic enzymes |
| major hormones produced by the endocrine portion of the pancrease? | insulin and glucagon |
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