Mr. Raff Chapter Four Test- Genetics
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Multiple Alleles | 3 or more alleles per trait |
| Mutation | A change of DNA |
| Nitrogenous bases in RNA is made up of | Adenine (A), Uracel (U), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) |
| Pedigree | Used to search for a specific trait using known family history |
| Polygenic | Controlled by many genes |
| Proteins | Organic compounds- Made up of Carbon (CO2), Oxygen (O2), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N) |
| Units Proteins are made up of are called... | Amino Acids |
| Proteins make up... | Enzymes which speed up reactions |
| Sex determination | Woman (XX) gives an X while the man (XY) gives an X or a Y (50/50 chance) |
| Sex- linked traits | Traits transferred through generations found on the sex chromosomes |
| Sickle- Cell Anemia | Affects mostly African Americans, hemoglobin can't carry oxygen, red blood cells form a sickle shape and the carrier can show some of the symptoms |
| Amniocentesis | Remove for amniotic fluid, test for mutations |
| Anti- Codon | The opposite of a codon |
| Base Pairing Rules | A always pairs to T (A-T) and C always pairs to G (C-G) |
| Both enzymes + proteins... | Make up your phenotype |
| Carrier | A person who has the trait but does not show it (Female) |
| Codon | Three nitrogenous in a row, codes for amino acids |
| Females are | Homozygous (XX) |
| Males are | Heterozygous (XY) |
| Sex- linked traits are usually found on the | X chromosome |
| The structure of DNA was discovered by | Watson and Crick |
| How many pairs of Autosomes (Body Cells) are there? | 22 pairs |
| Why are males affected more than females? | Because females have tow X chromosomes, so if one is bad, they have an extra. But, men don't, so they are always affected if having the disease |
| How many pairs of sex chromosomes are there? | 1 pair |
| Cystic Fibrosis | Recessive alleles, lungs fill with thick mucus |
| Diagnostic Tests | Amniocentesis and a karyotype |
| DNA | Found in the nucleus, is the code that carries the organisms traits, codes for proteins that make up these traits |
| What three parts are DNA composed of? | A sugar group, phosphate group, and nitrogenous |
| DNA Replication | Double helix untwists, DNA unzips into a replication fork, free nucleotides join the old strands, then there are two new strands and each strand has one old and one new |
| What does DNA stand for? | Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid |
| Down Syndrome | Most common form of mental retardation, occurs when there is an extra 21st chromosome and is a nondisjunction disorder |
| Environmental Factors | Have an impact on gene expression |
| Example of anti- codon | AUC, UAG |
| Example of mRNA transcription | DNA strand: AGGGGGGGGCCCCCTA RNA strand: UCCCCCCCCGGGGGAU |
| Examples of base pairing | DNA strand #1: GCCATTGGCTAC DNA strand #2: CGGTAACCGATG |
| Examples of environmental factors | Hair color, skin color, height, weight |
| Examples of multiple alleles | Blood type (O, A, B, AB) |
| Examples of polygenic traits | Eye color, skin color, hair color |
| Examples of sex- linked traits | Hemophilia, Duchanne's Muscular Dystrophy, male pattern baldness, and color blindness |
| Hemophilia | Started in the royal family- Found on the X chromosome, sex- linked trait, affected males more commonly than females, blood fails to clot |
| Karyotype | Picture of chromosome |
| Himalayan rabbits | Fur changes color based on temperature |
| The structure of DNA | Double helix, two (identical) sides |
| Two strands in a double helix are | complementary (opposite of original strands) |
| Incomplete dominance | Occurs when neither dominant or recessive. you get a NEW phenotype |
| Co- dominance | Occurs when both traits are dominant and they both show in the phenotype |
| Examples of co- dominance | -roan cattle (orange) red (RR) X white (WW) = roan cow (RW = red+white) |
| Blood Types | O- Recessive A- Dominant B- Dominant AB- Co- Dominant |
| Cloning | The process of making an identical copy of an organism |
| Genetic engineering | When a set of genes is taken from one organism and transferred in to the DNA of another organism |
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