| Term | Definition |
| helping verb | a verb added to the main verb to make different tenses |
| do, does/did | a helping verb used to ask a question, form the negative, or to add emphasis to the main verb; it accompanies the infinitive form of the verb |
| modal | a helping verb that shows degrees of possibility or obligation for the verb to happen (COULD we MEET you in the lobby?) |
| 'to' helpers | helping verbs followed by the infinitive form of a verb that include the word 'to' (we HAVE TO sign up) |
| verb phrase | all the helping verbs along with the main verb (everyone WAS STANDING) |
| common noun | a word used to identify a person, place, thing, or idea IN GENERAL; not capitalized |
| proper noun | a word used to identify a SPECIFIC person, place, thing, or idea; capitalized |
| subject | the person, place, thing, or idea about which the sentence is making a statement or asking a question |
| simple subject | the subject by itself (our next door NEIGHBORS have invited us) |
| complete subject | the simple subject plus any other words associated with it (OUR NEXT DOOR NEIGHBORS have invited us) |
| predicate | what is being said about the subject |
| simple predicate | verb or verb phrase of the sentence |
| complete predicate | everything that is being said about the complete subject |
| noun of direct address | a noun that is addressed to directly (We're ready to land, CAPTAIN) |
| appositive | repeating an idea using different words (have you seen my new puppy, FIDO?) |