Ch. 7 Early Civilizations in Africa
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friendgirl9 on February 14, 2012
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BASIS ORO VALLEY 7th grade History, Basis Oro Valley STUDY BUDDIES!, BASIS Oro Valley Class of 2017
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111 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 8000-4000 BCE | warm, humid climate created lakes, ponds, grasslands, and game. |
| 6th and 5th millenium BCE | desiccation began |
| 3000 BCE | pastoralism and farming spread to the savannas to the south; Berbers were intermediaries in trade (middlemen) |
| Carthage | became focal point of trans-saharan trade |
| Nok culture | iron working by the people along the niger river in the middle of the first millenium BCE |
| The Sehel | south of the sahara, mighty rivers flow across plains, including Congo, Zambezi, and Niger. Strip of land divided desert, wetter areas. |
| The Savannah | The further south, band of tropical savanna, open grassland. Tall grasses, shrubs, and trees grow there, variety of herd animals, majority of africa live there. Extends east from Central Asia |
| Tropical Rain Forest | near equator. Madagascar, island off southeast coast |
| southern Africa | Southern africa diverse mediterranian climate. |
| Varied climates | rainfall too much or too little, presented problems that continue today |
| Rains | Farmers must decide which crops to grow based on expected rainfall |
| Insects, Parasites | parasites thrive in tropical areas; transmitted by mosquitoes to humans and animals; can lead to deadly diseases like malaria |
| Tsetse fly | Sub-sahara africa, carries parasite that kill livestock and humans w/sleeping sickness, potentially fatal illness |
| Early farming societies | hunter-gatherers. about 9000 years ago, some began to grow native crops. In some parts, pastoralism arose before farming. 1st humans lived in east africa |
| pastoralists in sahara | 1st farmers likely to pastoralists of sahara-wetter 8000 years ago. 5000 years ago climate changed, sahara became drier. As land became desert people migrated to medditeranean coast, Nile Valley, parts of West Africa |
| Social structure | village based-culture. Extended family living in one house-hold. Families w/common ancestors formed clans |
| Age Sets | In some areas, people took part in a type of group called age sets. Men who had been born w/in the same two, three years formed special bonds. Men in same age set had duty to help each other |
| Specific Duties | Loyalty to family, age-set helped village members work together. Even very old, very young had own task, elders often taught traditions to younger generations. |
| Beliefs | Families gathered to share news and food w/ancestores hoping spirits would protect them (could also do otherwise) |
| Animism | Many africans also practiced a form of religion called animism- the belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects had spirits. Reflected africans close tie to the natural world |
| Griots | many early societies did not develope systems of writings. Included stories, songs, poems, and proverbs. Task of remembering, passing on entrusted to storytellers, griots. Could also be advisors to kings. |
| music and dance | central to many celebrations, religios rituals. Carving and wearing of elaborate masks part of there rituals. Sculpture bronze, and terra cotta. Wind, stringed instrument |
| Iron Age | The spread of iron technology after the 500's BCE changed farming practices in sub-saharan Africa. As a result, African society changed |
| Iron Tech | 500 BCE, techniques for refined iron from iron ore changed. Superior to those they had make before. Nok- one of the earliest known peoples to practice iron working. Lived in what is now Nigeria, west of africa; learned to make iron tools, weapons |
| population growth | As better equiped farmers, hunters, warriors, Nok grew in power. Iron tools enabled africans to cut down trees, clear land, and live in new areas. Survival easier, African's population increased |
| Bantu migrations | W/ aggriculture, ironworking technology developed because of migration. Over time more than 2000 Bantu languages developed. # of groups in africa spoke related languades. Originated from language called proto-Bantu.Developed in what is now Cameroon, Nigeria. |
| Bantu speaking peoples Migration | migrated east and south during 1st centuries AD. Carried knowledge of aggriculture, ironworking. So established themselves as dominant group when they reached southern Africa |
| Bantu social systems | A.D. 900's established complex social systems. Women farmed, men mostly tended cattle. Cattle food source and ritual sacrifices. Status in Bantu societies determined by size of cattle herds |
| The Emergence of Civilization | The land was 5000 miles long. Sahara is the great divide (3000 miles west to east) |
| Kush | Aggriculture may have 1st appeared in Nubia rather than the lower Nile River Valley. Perhaps the sight of the 1st true African kingdom. Nubia became Egyptian tributary-state. Disintegration of Egyptian new kingdom (end of 2nd millenium BCE) lead to the independent state of kush .major trading state .little known about the society .material prosperity |
| Axum | conquered Kush in 1st millenium CE. Axum founded as a colony of 1st millenium BCE. Saba is a trading state, goods from south asia to Mediteranean. Axum continued the trade after Saba declined. Located on trade routes responsible for prosperity. Competed for control of ivory trade. Followed Egyptian Christianity (Coptic). Would be re-named Etheopia. |
| The Coming of Islam | African religious Beliefs Before Islam Islam.Common beliefs .single creator god .somtimes accomplished by pantheon of lesser god .most believed in afterlife in which ancestral souls floated in the atmosphere throught eternity .ancestors and lineage closely connected, ancestors influence conditions for the living .Rituals very important Challenged by islam but not always replaced; synthesized |
| North Africa | Arab forces seized Nile delta of Egypt in 641. New Capitol at Cairo. Arabs welcome, due to high taxes and periodic persecution of coptic christians by Byzantine. Arabs seized Carthage in 690, called Al Maghrib. Berbers resisted for many years |
| The Kingdom of Etheopia | A Christian Island in a Muslim Sea. (Only a small portion of christians amung large population of muslims) |
| Axum began to decline | shift in trade routes and ever exploited agriculture. Muslim in trading states on the african coast of the red sea transformed axum into an isolated agricultural society. Source of ivory, resins, and slaves. Attacked by muslim state of Adal in early 14th century |
| The States of West Africa | Expansion of Islam has impact on politicals systems. Introduction of arabic for writing system. |
| Ghana | majority-farmers. Primary reason for growth-Gold. Trans-saharan trade becomes very important. Divine right monarchy, assisted by hereditary aristocracy. Kings didn't convert to Islam, but many of their subjects did. |
| Mali | Ruinous wars by 12th century in Ghana. New states of Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausa states. Considered the greatest state. Traded gold. Farming in the saharan region |
| Mansa-Musa | 1312-1337. king who encouraged Islam. Timbuktu becomes center of trade, religion, and learning. Became the king of mali in 1312. Under him mai became a great trading center. Was a devote muslim. |
| The Hajj | pilgrims traveling for religion. After mansa musa's hajj, mali became even wealthier. |
| Why was salt so important? | Mali often traded it's gold for salt. Salt was sometimes more valuable than gold. Peoples bodies needed salt to live. Salt was used to preserve food. Salt was bought in large slabs (coins) |
| Bantu language group | Rural communities- individual home-stead, villages (kraals). Commercial trade. possible trade w/egyptians. Trade across the Indian Ocean. |
| The Land of Zanj | Self governed city states. Trade w/interior. Trade w/ indian oceans areas, china, and along the coast. Mixed African Arab culture. Mixed culture and language called Swahili. Conversion to Islam grows |
| States/Stateless Societies in southern Africa. | From the basin of the congo river to the cape of good hope statless societies existed. Progress made w/regional trade |
| Zimbabwe (stone house) | Capital-great Zimbabwe. trade between interior and coast. Evedence of great wealth but great zombabwe was abandoned. |
| The Khoi and San indigenous people | assimilated w/migrated and dominant Bantu |
| Cycle of civilizaton | ODPD-origin, development, peak, and decline. Paleolithic-nomadic hunter gatherer. Neolithic-agriculteral revolution (farming and animal domestication) |
| 1st wave civilizations | (4 river valley)-cities, city states. .city states .china(yellow/ituang He[HO], yangtzel) .India (Indus, Ganges) .Africa (Nile) .Mesopotamia(Tigris and Euphrades) .Peru-Norte Chico/caral |
| 2nd wave civilizations (Classical era) | Greece-various periods, including golden age of athens, Alexander the Great. Hellenistic age-700-31 BCE. Rome republic 509-44 BCE, Empire 44 BCE-476 BCE. Han China-206 BCE-220 CE. Africa-classical-post classical era. Nubia-meroe, Axum; Niger River Valley Civilizations [Ghana, Mali, Songhai]; Sub-saharan Bantu migrations; Great Zimbabwe. |
| important characteristic of mayan society | human sacrifice, warfare |
| site of Chaco Canyon | new mexico |
| migrations characteristics of the bantu | spread slowly |
| reduced Axum's powers, affected trade routes, decreased % Christianity | Coming of Islam |
| Trade items for Niger River civilizations, as well as for Zimbabwe and Eastern African city-states | gold, ivory, and slaves |
| coconet, banana, sugar cane | goods from south east asia |
| had no pastoral society in the classical era | central and south america |
| Cahokia's main difference from Chaco Caniyon cultures | more urban, less direct contact w/mexico, influence later natchez |
| had no civilization in classical era | southern asia |
| characteristics of both major and minor civilizations we've studied | long distance trade connections, complex societies |
| major cause for mayan collapse | drought |
| traede items valued from Mesoamerica | jade, obsidian, exotic feathers |
| religious pit house in sokuthwestern American pueblos.EX at chaco canyon | kiva |
| name of northeastern mound building culture/civ | hopewell culture |
| south african indigenous peoples | san, khoisan |
| skill bantu had that indigenouse people didn't have | ironsmithing |
| descending order of world population areas (most to least) around year 0 | Eurasia, Africa, South America, north america, australia, and oceania |
| world pop around year 0 | 250 million |
| major components of Bantu religion | creator god, but distant |
| indigenous people of North africa | Berber |
| modern name for area near where Hopewell culture was located | ohio |
| of the major civilization areas, this had the least productive soils | Africa |
| reasoc for rise of many civilizations, including those norte chico and mesopotamia in ancient times and noche later | need for elaborate irragation systems |
| maya and axum both had these hallmarks of civilization | writing systems |
| % of coptic christians in modern-day Etheopia | 50% |
| name of ancient pueblo peoples in southwestern US | Anasazi |
| modern name for area near where cahokia was located | St. louis, missouri |
| % of coptic christians in modern-day egypt | 10% |
| crop which took 2000 years to establish itself | maize (corn) from mesoamerica |
| cahokia had this more than chaco canyon | indepentent agricultural revolution |
| civilizations which the maya governmental organization most resembled | greece and mesopotamia |
| area from which many new crops and some people came to east africa | South east Asia |
| site of norte chico, Chavin and moche civilizations | northern and coastal peru |
| period of height of mayan civilization | 250-900 CE |
| something maya were NOT | one united empire |
| large city 50,000 w/equal # more around it; center of important culture area in valley of Mexico | teotihuacan |
| largest mayan city/city-state | tikal |
| what distinguished chavin from other mesoamerican and south american civilizations | religious cult which spread along trade routes |
| indigenous people of southern africa which were pushed aside, assimilated or eliminated by migration bantu | San khoisan |
| name given to the time period of olmec, maya, chavin, moche | pre columbian |
| Niger river valley civilizations | Ghana, Mali, Songhai |
| site of mayan civilizations | yucatan penninsula and guatamala |
| status of mayan rulers | priest kings |
| site of tenochtitlan | valley of mexico |
| architectural and cultural influences on etheopia | christian, egypt, greece, arabia, and islam |
| civilizations which decline due to invasion and weak leadership | rome and han |
| reason tenochtitlan collapsed | unknown |
| long-distance, trans-saharan trade | both east and western africa |
| civilizations whose govt structure was most like that of the maya | classical Greece |
| governmental structure among east african costal states | rival city states |
| capital of nubian state | Meroe |
| what axum later bacame, although further south | Etheopia |
| trade area of arabia, persia, India, Indonesia, and eastern africa | Indian ocean rim |
| time when islam began to directly influence eastern africa | 7 century CE |
| pygmies | batwa |
| click language | influence of san and khiosan peoples in incoming bantu |
| general chronological order of meso and south american cultures | olmec, maya, aztec; norte chico/caral, chavin, moche, and inca |
| cultural, genetic and linguistic mix of bantu and arab features in eastern africa; famouly connected with trade in area | swahili |
| had no actual civilization in classical period | South east africa |
| main cultural center of southern africa; stone walls, houses; main center among several other smaller ones; gold and ivory trade to east coast and beyond | great zimbabwe |
| reason coptic christians initially welcomed islam when in came to egypt | persecution and high taxation by byzantine christians |
| important ancestor-connected religion | lasting influence of bantu on peoples they encountered as they migrated. |
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