| Term | Definition |
|---|
| organelles | little organs inside the cell |
| phototaxis | movement toward/away from light |
| chemotaxis | movement toward/away from substances |
| prokaryotic cells | divided into domain Bacteria and domain Archaea (old) |
| difference in Bacteria and Archaea | what cell wall consists of, where they live |
| size of proK | .5-2.0 µm |
| shapes of proK | coccus, bacillus, spiral, pleomorphism |
| coccus | round shape |
| bacillus | rod shaped, oval |
| spiral | vibrio, spirillum, spirochete |
| vibrio | comma shape |
| spirillum | ridged, wavy shape |
| spirochete | corkscrew, twisted on themself |
| pleomorphism | bacteria vary widely in form even w/in a single culture |
| arrangement of proK by the groups of cells | diplo- pairs; strepto- chains; tetrads- 4 cells in a cube; sarcinae- 8, 16, 32 cells in a cube (3D); staphylo- grapelike cluster; palisade- matchsticks; trichomes- bricks; other arrangements- sq, star, rect, filaments |
| proK division by | binary fission- new cell wall material grows, cell pinches in half through this area; inside the chromosome has duplicated, one found in ea daughter cell; not meiosis nor mitosis |
| structure of proK | cell wall, components, cell membrane, internal structures, external structures |
| cell wall of proK | semi-ridged structure |
| function of cell wall in proK | maintain cell shape; prevent cell from bursting when taking in fluid; in some bacteria, it protects that bacteria from antibiotics |
| components of proK | differ in Gram+ and Gram- cells; peptidoglycan, outer membrane, periplasmic space |
| peptidoglycan | murein; polymer; most important component of the cell wall; made of 2 sugars- acetylglycosamine (gluNAc) and N-acetylmuramic (murNAc), which are attached to 4 AA (tetrapeptide). these are attached to ea other by crossed linked peptide bonds, these differ in ea species |
| Gram- | when peptidoglycan layers are thin |
| Gram+ | when peptidoglycan layers are thick; also have teichoic acid- attachment site for bacteriophages, passageway for movement of ions in/out of the cell |
| outer membrane | primarily in Gram- bacteria; acts as a coarse sieve- controls movement of certain proteins from the environment; lipopolysaccharide |
| lipopolysaccharide (LPS) | endotoxin; stays w/in cell until it dies, then toxin released, used to identify Gram-, causes fever and dilates blood vessels; decrease blood pressue |
| periplasmic space | gap in wall of Gram-, very active, holds peptidoglycan, contains digestive enzymes and transports proteins |
| acid fact bacteria | mycobacteria; 60% lipids; contains much less peptidoglycan; grows slowly, can be stained by Gram stain; stains purple |
| wall deficient organisms | mycoplasma; have no cell wall; cell membrane contain sterol; vary widely in shape; must be grown differently; wont grow in agar |
| porins | form channels through the outer membrane, control ions that enter |
| cell membrane | fluid mosaic model; living membrane; not a solid structure; phospholipid bilayer; charged phosphate heads, hydrophilic; fatty acid tails, hydrophobic |
| proteins | form mosaic pattern; between phospholipid; carrier proteins- move things across membrane, goes all the way through; loosely attached but stationary; outer edge- id of organism; inner edge- digestive enzymes |
| functions of the membrane of proK | selectively permeable; produces cell wall components; assists in DNA replication; secretes proteins; carries out respiration; captures energy as ATP |
| internal structures of proK | cytoplasm, ribosomes, nuclear region, internal membrane systems, inclusions, endospores |
| cytoplasm of proK | semifluid substance inside cell; jellylike; 4/5 water, 1/5 dissolved "stuff"; chem reactions take place |
| ribosomes of proK | consist of RNA and proteins; site for protein synthesis |
| nuclear region proK | nucleoid; single-strand of circular DNA |
| internal membrane systems of proK | chromatophores-contain pigments for photosynthesis in cyanobacteria |
| inclusions | "storehouse"; granules- contain specific substances (glycogen/polyphosphate), might have metachromatic granules; vesicles- may contain gas for depth control, may contain iron |
| endospores of proK | not all bacterial cells can form spores; resting stage; reasons to produce spores- to save themself; can last thousands of years |
| sporulation | endospore formation |
| plasmids | circular pieces of DNA in cell; go through conjugation "bacteria sex"- not producing more but different |
| external structures of proK | flagella, pili, glycocalyx |
| flagella in proK | long, thin, helical appendages |
| structure of flagella in proK | basil body (attaches at cell membrane for movement), filament (made from protein called flagellin) |
| rotation of proK | one flagella- propellar liek to move forward/backward; runs- when many flagella are bundled together to move, last 1 sec, can move about 10X their length; tumbles- when many flagella move independently; last 0.1 sec, no forward progress |
| arrangements of proK | depend on type of bacteria; monotrichous- one flagella; amphitrichous- one at each end; lophotrichous- 2 or more at ends; peritrichous- all around; atrichous- no flagella; axial filaments- (like a drillbit) endoflagella, located between sheatha nd cell wall, found in spirochetes |
| pili of proK | tiny, hollow projections; smaller than flagella, more numerous, strawlike; conjugation pili and attachment pili |
| conjugation pili of proK | F pili; sex pili; where conjugation takes place |
| attachment pili of proK | fimbrae; hlep ahere bacteria to surfaces; help w/ disease producing aspects (pass toxin/disease) |
| glycocalyx of proK | made of polysaccharide; found external to the cell wall; capsule, slime layers |
| capsule of proK | not in all bacteria; secreted by cell wall; protection against phagocytosis |
| slime layers of proK | less tightly bound and thinner than capsule; protects cell from drying out; traps nutrients from environment; helps to bind cells together, helps stick to objects |
| eukaryotic cells | larger and more complex than prokaryotes |
| basic unit of life for kingdoms | animal, plants, protists, fungi |
| structures of eukaryote cells (16) | plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cell nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, endlplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, flagella, cilia, pseudopodia, cell wall |
| plasma membrane euK | control entry to/out of cell; encloses cell; sterol in the membrane; small surface to volume ratio that proK cells |
| cytoplasm of EuK | semi-fluid; less than in bacterial cells |
| cell nucleus of EuK | envelope, pores, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromosomes |
| nuclear envelope of euK | holds nucleus together |
| nuclear pores of euK | allow RNA to leave nucleus |
| nucleoplasm of euK | semi-fluid portion |
| nucelolus of euK | contains RNA; produces ribosomes |
| chromosomes of euK | genetic material; chromatin that is packed by histones- visible as individual pieces, ready for mitosis; chromatin (thin-like) |
| mitochodria of euK | powerhouse of the cell; ATP made |
| chloroplasts of euK | not in all eukaryotice cells; photosynthesis in plants/algae |
| ribosomes of euK | synthesis proteins |
| endopasmic reticulum of euK | site for rhibosomes; smooth- produces lipids; rough- ribosomes land to make proteins |
| golgi apparatus of euK | protein packaging factory (UPS of cells); produces lysosomes, helps form plasma membrane |
| lysosomes of euK | suicide sacks; releases digetsive enzymes to destroy cell or digest substances in the vacuoles; plant cells DO NOT have lysosomes |
| peroxisomes of euK | convert peroxides into H2O and O2; in plants oxidizes fats; in animals oxidizes AA |
| vacuoles of euK | storage areas for glycogen, starch, fats; comes and goes |
| cytoskeleton of euK | network of protein fibers; used for structure and movement w/in the cytoplasm; microfilaments- movement; microtubules- rigidity, keeps form |
| flagella of euK | whiplike structure; larger more complex than in proK; found in collapsing protists; human sperm |
| cilia of euK | short hairlike structures, not hollow like pili; fan back/forth; found in protists and humans (respiratory/digestive tract) |
| pseudopodia of euk | false feet; produce amoeboid movement; no directionality; constantly changing shape; some white blood cells |
| cell wall of euK | plants, algae, fungi; in protist referred to as pellicles; animals DO NOT have cell walls |
| endosybiosis | theory- two individual cells w/ own DNA co-habitat in the same cell. mitochondria/ chloroplast; divide independently w/in the same cell |
| movement across membranes | passive, active transport |
| passive transport | requires no energy for transport; simple- movement of particles from higher to lower concentration (air freshener); faciltated diffusion- must have protein carriers to move ions/molecules; osmosis- movement/diffusion of H2O |
| osmotic pressure | pressure required to prevent the net flow of water by osmosis |
| active transport | requires protein carriers; source of ATP; enzyme that rhe energy from ATP; endocytosis- out to in, invaginates/surround the substance---phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking); exocytosis- out to in, secretion |
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