MCB 103 midterm I
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Created by:
jenni41015 on February 15, 2012
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69 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Rho Proteins | small monomeric G proteins that control chemotaxis : Rho, Rac, Cdc42 |
| GEF | GDP/GTP exchange factor (used for rho family proteins) |
| GAP | GTP hydrolysis activating protein |
| Phagocytes | Dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages |
| Neutrophil chemoattractants | fMLP, chemokines, complement |
| Cdc42 | controls polarization of cell |
| Rac | controls protrusion of lamellipodium |
| Rho | controls adhesion (focal) and translocation |
| Steps of Actin Polymerization | Nucleation, elongation, [steady-state/]depolymerization |
| Cytochalasin D | A drug that inhibits actin polymerization |
| bafilomycin | inhibitts vacuolar ATPase that acidifies the phagosome |
| pathogen | a microorganism capable of producing disease in a percentage of non immune individuals by avoiding/manipulating host innate immunity and manipulating cell biological processes |
| Opportunistic pathogen | causes disease in people w/ compromised defense mechanisms |
| Accidental pathogen | didn't evolve to cause human disease, but as a side effect of human development (i.e. cooling towers) |
| LD50 | Lethal dose 50, the number of microorganisms or toxin required to kill 50% of the test animals |
| ID50 | Infectious dose 50, the number of microorganisms or toxin required to produce an infection in 50% of the test animals |
| pleiotropic | affects many genes |
| virulence factors | components of pathogens responsible for its ability to cause infection |
| obligate pathogens | can't be found anywhere outside the host |
| obligate intracellular | can't be cultured extracellularly, like viruses |
| facultative pathogens | can grow in the environment and/or the host |
| facultative intracellular | can be cultured on agar |
| Examples of gram + pathogens | Mycobacterium, streptococcus, staphylococcus, listeria, bacillus |
| Examples of gram - pathogens | neisseria salmonelle, legionella, vibrio, bordetella, yersinia |
| hopanoids | bacterial substitute for cholesterol in the cytoplasmic membrane |
| Lysozyme | cleaves B 1,4 bond on PG |
| Penicillin | Inhibits transpeptidase and thus PG synthesis |
| Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) | a part of the gram + surface |
| Periplasm | the space between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane in a Gram - pathogen |
| Lipid A | an endotoxin that induces fevers and inflammation, also part of LPS |
| Lipopolysaccharide | Part of the gram - surface |
| LPS components | O-antigen, Core polysaccharide, Lipid A |
| Prototroph | no unusual nutritional requirements, usually wild type |
| Auxotroph | Strain with a mutation that causes a nutritional requirement |
| Koch's postulate #1 | Bacteria should be found in all diseased animals, but not in healthy animals |
| Koch's postulate #2 | Bacteria should be isolated and grown in pure culture |
| Koch's postulate #3 | Bacteria from culture should cause disease in a healthy animal |
| Koch's postulate #4 | Same bacteria should be re-isolated from diseased animal |
| psychrophile | optimal growth at <15 degrees |
| psychrotolerant | can grow at <15 degrees |
| mesophile | optimal growth at 15 to 44 degrees |
| thermophile | optimum growth at >45 degrees |
| acidophile | optimal growth at pH <5 |
| acid tolerant | can grow at pH <5 |
| alkaliphile | optimal growth at pH >8 |
| Non-halophile | can't grow in high salt (i.e. 3%) |
| halotolerant | can grow at high salt/osmolarity |
| halophile | optimal growth in high salt/ osmolarity |
| microaerophilic | require reduced O2 |
| polycistronic | having more than one gene |
| Two-component Systems | Includes a sensor kinase/histidine kinase that dimerizes and autophosphorylates on HIS, and then the phosphate is transferred to the Asp on the Response Regulator |
| General Secretory Pathway (Sec) | ~30 AA sequence secreted out of the cytoplasmic membrane in both Gram + and - |
| Type III secretory pathway | contact dependent, only in Gram -, pokes hole in host membrance and delivers effector proteins, structurally similar to flagellum, which is made of flagellin |
| bacteriocidal | kills bacteria |
| bacteriostatic | stops bacteria from growing |
| bacteriolytic | causes bacteria to lyse and die |
| Cidal antibiotics | B lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, quinolones |
| Static antibiotics | rifampin |
| Tetracyclin | Not bacteriocidal, target 30s subunit of ribosome like macrolide |
| Beta Lactam antibiotics | Block transpeptidation (effectively PG synthesis), examples are penicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins |
| Aminoglycosides | target 30s ribosomal subunits, examples are streptomycin and gentamycin, cidal, can't penetrate mammalian cells |
| Quinolones | target DNA synthesis by binding to DNA gyrase, cidal, examples is naladixic acid |
| Rifampin | Static antibiotic that binds to the Beta subunit of RNA pol to affect RNA synthesis |
| Capsule | outer layer of polysaccharide, inhibits phagocytosis, antimicrobial resistance |
| G protein involved in chemoattractment sensing by neutrophil | heterotrimeric G protein coupled to GPCR |
| pathogenicity islands (PAI) | distinct class of genomic islands acquired by pathogens by horizontal gene transfer |
| Reporter | A detectable gene construct that's fused to a gene of interest in order to track its expression levels and/or protein location. |
| Chemotaxis | Directional movement controlled by a gradient of chemical attractant |
| PAMP | Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern, any component of a pathogen that's recognized by the host immune system |
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