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Genomic primary action through specific intracellular receptors Non-genomic primary target is the cell membrane Hormone response elements a short sequence of DNA within the promoter of a gene that is able to bind a specific hormone receptor complex and therefore regulate transcription. Adrenal gland cortex and medulla, cortex-aldosterone, cortisol, androgens. medulla-epinephrine/norepinephrine. gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of LH/FSH parathyroid hormone made my chief cells of parathyroid. stimulates 1,25(OH)2D production and calcium reabsorption in the kidney. Stimulates bone breakdown. hypothalamus releases GtRH, GHIH, GHRH, TRH, CTRH, PIH, targets anterior pituitary. VDR Type 1 Defect in the 1-alpha hydroxylase gene that converts 25(OH)D into biologically active 1,25(OH)2D 1-alpha hydroylase converts 25(OH)D into biologically active 1,25(OH)2D VDR Type 2 defect in hormone response interaction. binding defects. Humoral stimulus changing blood levels of an ion or nutrient trigger a response. Hormonal stimulus hormone secretion acting on tissues or other endocrine glands to secrete other hormones LH stimulates testosterone production in Leydig cells FSH impacts spermatogenesis Androgens critical for differentiation of the reproductive system, sexual function, spermatogenesis.