psychology exam 1
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217 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 the period after puberty begins and before adult roles are taken on | adolescence |
| plato's 3 life stages | infancy (birth - age 7) childhood (ages 7-14) adolescence (ages 14-21) |
| plato's beliefs on eduction during infancy | mind too underdeveloped to learn much |
| plato's beliefs on education during childhood | focus on sports and music |
| plato's beliefs on education during adolescence | capacity for reason; science and math |
| key changes for establishing modern characteristic of adolescence in 1890-1920 | laws restricting child labor requirements for children to attend secondary school development of study of adolescence (G. Stanley Hall) |
| founder of the study of adolescence | G Stanley Hall |
| G Stanley Hall's key ideas | Child Study Movement Recapitulation Storm and Stress |
| research to better the lives of children and adolescents | Child Study Movement |
| development of an individual reenacts the evolution of human species | Recapitulation |
| upheaval and disorder is a normal part of adolescent development | Storm and Stress |
| age range of adolescence in the 1900s | 14-24 years |
| age range of adolescence in the 2000s | 10-18 years |
| First signs of purberty begin when? | about 2 years prior to menarche |
| Emerging Adulthood | period when young people become more independent from parents and explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments |
| Emerging Adulthood age range | roughly ages 18-25 |
| 5 qualities of emerging adulthood | identity explorations instability self-focus feeling in-between possibilities |
| What makes the explorations of emerging adulthood possible in industrialized countries like America? | adult responsibilities (marriage, career) are put off until the late 20s |
| Transition into adulthood in America is characterized by __. | Individualism |
| Transition into adulthood in Israel is characterized by __. | completing military service |
| Transition into adulthood in Argentina is characterized by __. | being able to support a family financially |
| Transition into adulthood in South Korea is characterized by __. | being able to support your parents financially |
| In traditional cultures, __ marks the transition into adulthood. | marriage |
| importance of learning to stand alone as a self-sufficient person without relying on anyone else | individualism |
| importance for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well-being of the group | collectivism |
| web of commitments, attachments, and obligations that exist in some human groups | interdependence |
| research method involving participant observation | ethnography |
| example of ethnography | Harvard Adolescence Project |
| research method involving the measuring of biological factors | biological measurement |
| example of biological measurement | Tanner - timing of puberty |
| research method involving treatment and control groups | experimental research |
| example of experimental research | testing anti-smoking interventions |
| research method involving a naturally occurring situation | naturalistic |
| example of a naturalistic research method | twin studies |
| Correlation vs Causation | correlation: predictable relationship between to variables just because to thing are correlated, doesn't mean one causes the other |
| Bronfenbrenner's 5 systems | microsystem mesosystem exosystem macrosystem chronosystem |
| setting where people experience their daily lives | microsystem |
| network of interconnections between microsystems | mesosystem |
| societal institutions that have an indirect but potentially important influence on development | exosystem |
| broad system of cultural beliefs and values, and the economic and governmental systems that are built on those beliefs and values | macrosystem |
| changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time | chronosystem |
| Importance of Bronfenbrenner's theory | cultural beliefs and values are the basis for other conditions of child development historical changes as influence on development children and adolescents are active participants in their develoment |
| serious problems in Sub-Saharan Africa | chronic poverty, war, and HIV/AIDS |
| Africa has been described as __. | a rich continent whose people are poor |
| 3 ways the AIDS epidemic affects young people in Africa | parents death = deeper poverty young africans become infected must assume leader ship of family |
| In Northern Africa and the Middle East, ___ is the predominant influence on all aspects of cultural life. | the Muslim religion |
| 3 key issues that face the young people of NA and the Middle East | strenth of Islam patriarchal family relationships (must obey father unquestioningly) position of women (tight control over appearance and behavior) |
| 4 main issues facing young people in India | school vs work (no compulsory edu, many are illiterate) tradition of early arranged marriages caste system (status in society) rights of women (inferior status) |
| 4 major issues affecting young people in Asia | tradition of filial piety (respect, obey and revere parents) arranged marriages and dating intense pressure at the secondary school level rights of women (fewer rights and opportunities than males) |
| 2 key issues for young people in Latin America | political stability (instability in the past like military coups and dictatorships) economic growth (not very prosperous, high unemployment) |
| 4 principle issues for young people in the West | education (uneven opportunities across ethnic groups; more college grads than needed in economy) unemployment immigrants (anti-immigrant acts by young working men) risk behavior |
| increasing worldwide technological and economic integration | globalization |
| effects of globalization | connects different parts of the world at increased rates makes cultures more similar to one another bicultural indentities becoming more common |
| having an identity that includes aspects of two different cultures | bicultural |
| The Urban-Rural Split: Urban pros | greater access to education and health care |
| The Urban-Rural Split: Urban cons | more likely to be subjected to exploitation by adults in prostitution and industrial labor |
| The Urban-Rural Split: Rural cons | less likely to attend school |
| The Urban-Rural Split: Rural pros | more likely to have the support and care of a stable extended family |
| Adolescence emerged in its modern form circa ____. | 1890-1920 |
| Why is it difficult to predict the future for young people? | each generation takes the material for life provided by their culture and reshapes it in unique ways |
| Puberty is derived from the Latin word ___ which means ___. | pubescere; "to grow hairy" |
| changes in anatomy, physiology, and physical appearance of the body that people undergo to become an adult and prepare for sexual reproduction | puberty |
| Hormonal changes during puberty begin in ___. | the endocrine system |
| To begin puberty, the hypothalamus gradually increases the production of __. | gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
| What causes the hypothalamus to release GnRH? | it occurs once a threshold level of body fat is reached |
| Fat cells produce __. | Leptin |
| What does leptin do? | provides a signal to the hypothalamus |
| The increase in GnRH during puberty affects the __. | pituitary gland |
| What does GnRH do? | causes the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins |
| What are the 2 gonadotropins? | Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
| What do gonadotropins do? | stimulate the development of gametes influence production of sex hormones |
| 2 classes of sex hormones | estrogens and androgens |
| most important estrogen | estradiol |
| most important androgen | testosterone |
| When puberty begins, females produce more __ than males. | estradiol (8x more) |
| When puberty begins, males produce more __ than females. | testosterone (20x more) |
| __ monitors the levels of androgens and estrogens in the bloodstream. | hypothalamus |
| __ responds to the reduction in GnRH by reducing production of FSH, LH, and ACTH. | pituitary gland |
| __ responds to lower levels of FSH and LH by reducing the amount of sex hormones produced. | gonads |
| set point | when the sex hormones reach an optimal level |
| When does the hypothalamus reduce production of GnRH? | when the set point is reached |
| Girls typically reach their growth spurt and peak height velocity about __ earlier than boys. | 2 years |
| __ are the first part of the body to hit the growth spurt. | extremities |
| uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty | asynchronicity |
| During puberty, body fat increases more for __ than for __. | girls; boys |
| During puberty, muscle mass increases more for __ than for __. | boys; girls |
| Cardiac output peaks at age __. | 25 |
| Reaction speed and grip strength (in males) is highest during __. | emerging adulthood |
| Factors that undermine health for emerging adulthood | poor nutrition lack of sleep stress |
| LEADING cause of death among emerging adults in the US | automobile accidents |
| COMMON cause of death among emerging adults in the US | homicide |
| Rates of contracting STDs are highest during __. | early 20s (emerging adulthood) |
| primary sex characteristics in boys | sperm sex organs |
| primary sex characteristics in girls | eggs sex organs |
| secondary sex characteristics in boys | hair growth rougher skin sweat glands increase production |
| secondary sex characteristics in girls | hair growth rougher skin sweat glands increase production breast buds |
| Women are born with ___ immature eggs in each ovary; drops to __ by puberty. | 400,000; 80,000 |
| Females release about __ eggs over the course of their reproductive lives. | 400 |
| Men are born with __ sperm in their testes. | 0 - don't produce till puberty |
| The average age that sperm production begins is about __. | 12 years old |
| There are __ sperm in the typical male ejaculation. | 30-500 million |
| Researcher of pubertal development in Kikuyu culture of Kenya | Worthman |
| Researcher of pubertal development of African American girls | Herman-Giddens |
| Researcher of pubertal development of Chinese girls | Lee, Chang, and Chan |
| In the Kikuyu culture in Kenya, __ show the first physical changes in puberty. | boys (reversal of western pattern) |
| Many black girls were found to begin developing __ and __ earlier than white girls. | breast buds and pubic hair |
| In the study of Chinese girls, __ began to develop 2 years AFTER the development of breast buds and a few months before menarche. | pubic hair |
| In western studies of puberty in girls, __ and __ developed together about 2 years before menarche. | pubic hair and breast buds |
| secular trend for menarche occurring in every western country | downward in age (menarche starting younger) |
| 1 reason puberty begins sooner and sooner? | advances in food production --> enhanced nutrition |
| What percent of cultures have puberty rituals for boys? | 68% |
| What percent of cultures have puberty rituals for girls? | 79% |
| __ is the pubertal event that is most often marked by ritual. | menarche |
| __ has been credited with the decline of puberty rituals. | globalization |
| How do parent-adolescent relations change at puberty? | conflict increases closeness decreases less comfortable in each other's presence |
| Parent-child communication styles shift toward __ and away from __ when puberty is reached. | talking; touching |
| a males first ejaculation | semenarche |
| Semenarche is not often studied due to __. | connotation with masturbation and negative view in society |
| The effects of early maturation are __ for girls. | negative |
| How does late maturation affect girls? | not much - some teasing and negative body image more likely to have favorable lean body image of western cultures |
| The effects of early maturation tend to be __ for boys. | positive |
| 3 forms of genotype-environment interactions | Passive Evocative Active |
| Passive genotype-environment interactions | when parents provide both genes and environment |
| Evocative genotype-environment interactions | person's inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in their environment |
| Active genotype-environment interactions | people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics |
| Why use adoption studies? | avoids problem of passive genotype-environment effects: one set of parents provides genes and a different set provides environment |
| __ is a time of peak physical functioning for most people. | emerging adulthood |
| How do cultures influence the experience of puberty? | nutrition/medical care -->pubertal timing rituals information |
| The first evident changes of puberty take place between ages __. | 10-12 |
| According to Piaget, changes in cognitive development proceed in __. | distinct stages |
| (Piaget) Each person's cognitive abilities is organized into one coherent __. | mental structure |
| Piaget's approach is known as the __. | cognitive-developmental approach |
| (Piaget) The driving force behind development from one stage to the next is __. | maturation |
| Why does Piaget say that maturation is an active process? | Because children seek out information that matches the maturity of their thinking (contrasts with behaviorism) |
| Piaget proposed that the active construction of reality takes place through the use of __. | schemes |
| 2 processes involved in the use of Piagetian schemes | assimilation and accomodation |
| occurs when new info is altered to fit an existing scheme | assimilation |
| occurs the the scheme is changed to adapt to new info | accomodation |
| Piagetian stages of cognitive development | sensorimotor preoperational concrete operations formal operations |
| age range of sensorimotor stage | 0-2 years |
| piagetian stage in which cognitive development involves learning how to coordinate activities of the senses with motor activities | sensorimotor |
| age range of preoperational stage | 2-7 |
| piagetian stage in which the world is represented symbolically | preoperational |
| age range of concrete operations stage | 7-11 |
| piagetian stage in which child becomes more adept a using mental opertations which leads to a more advanced understanding of the world | concrete operations |
| age range of formal operations stage | 11-15+ |
| piagetian stage which allows adolescents to reason about more complex tasks ans problems involving multiple variables | formal operations |
| stage most relevant to cognitive development in adolescence | formal operations |
| In the formal operations stage, the capacity for __ and __ is developed. | abstract thinking and complex thinking |
| thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts | abstract thinking |
| thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations; perceive multiple aspects | complex thinking |
| thinking about thinking | metacognition |
| Which of piaget's stages has been the most critiqued and modified over time? | formal operations |
| 2 categories of limitations of piaget's theory of formal operations | individual differences in the attainment of formal operations (not often used; concrete ops more sufficient) cultural basis of adolescent cognitive development (kinds of cognition requirements vary across culture)Pi |
| Piaget's research has inspired theories of cognitive development beyond formal operations known as __. | post-formal thinking |
| 2 most notable aspects of postformal thinking in emerging adulthood | pragmatism and reflective judgement |
| type of thinking that involves adapting logical thinking to the practical contraints of real-life situations | pragmatism |
| Cognitive development in the early 20s is distinguished from adolescent development by a greater recognition and incorporations of __. | practical limitations to logical thinking |
| type of thinking involving realizing that problems don't have one simple solution--several solutions may have merit | dialectical thought |
| the capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments | reflective judgment |
| investigated reflection in adolescence and emerging adulthood which included: dualistic thinking, multiple thinking, relativism, commitment | Perry |
| __ is a necessary but not sufficient condition for reflective thinking. | formal operations |
| see situations and issues in polarized, absolute, black-and-white terms | dualistic thinking |
| recognition that there is more than one legitimate view of things and it can be difficult to justify one position as true and accurate | multiple thinking |
| ability to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view but also compare the relative merits of each point of view | relativism |
| cognitive status in which person chooses one point of view they believe to be correct, but is open to reevaluating their view | commitment |
| Information-Processing approach views cognitive change as __. | continuous (gradual and steady) |
| approach which focuses on the thinking processes that exist at all ages | information-processing approach |
| The original model for the information-processing approach | the computer (analogy used to break down human thinking into capacities of attention, processing, and memory) |
| memory that holds info for about 30 seconds; limited capacity | Short-Term Memory (STM) |
| memory that holds info indefinitely; unlimited capacity | Long-Term Memory (LTM) |
| Adolescents are __ than children at processing info. | faster (speed increase from age 10 to late teens) |
| how much cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing info | automaticity |
| Adolescents show __ automaticity of processing than children. | greater |
| Automaticity depends more on __. | experience than age alone |
| Limitations of the information-processing approach | reductionism holistic perspective (lost by scholars) computer analogy (inadeaquate) |
| breaking up a phenomenon into separate parts so much that the meaning of the whole is lost | redcutionism |
| term used to describe the way we think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions | social cognition |
| 2 aspects of social cognition | perspective taking (Selman) adolescent egocentrism (Elkind) |
| the ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others | perspective taking |
| Selman's theory of perspective taking is based on a __. | stage approach |
| perspective taking in adolescence develops from __ during childhood. | egocentrism |
| In early adolescence, children become capable of __ perspective taking. | mutual |
| just as you understand that another person has a perspective different than yours, you realize that other people understand that you have a different perspective than theirs | mutual perspective taking |
| In late adolescence, children become capable of __ perspective taking. | social and conventional |
| adolescents come to realize that their social perspectives are influenced by interaction with each other AND their roles in the larger society | social and conventional perspective taking |
| the ability to attribute mental states to one's self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings | theory of mind |
| involves difficulty of adolescents to distinguish their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about someone else's thoughts | adolescent egocentrism |
| results from adolescents' limited capacity to distinguish their thinking about themselves and their thinking about what others are thinking about them | imaginary audience |
| belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to one's appearance and behavior | imaginary audience |
| The __ is built on the imaginary audience. | personal fable |
| the belief that there must be something special or unique about you; stems from the belief that people are constantly attentive to your appearance and behavior | personal fable |
| concept related to personal fable | optimistic bias |
| the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than ourselves | optimistic bias |
| Adolescents tend to have a __ optimistic bias than adults. | stronger |
| attempting to understand human cognition by evaluating cognitive ability with intelligence tests | psychometric approach |
| developed first intelligence test | Alfred Binet |
| made important revisions to the original intelligence test | Louis Terman |
| revised IQ test is now known as __. | the Stanford-Binet |
| __ performance on IQ tests is very stable. | relative |
| __ performance on IQ tests is not very stable. | absolute |
| mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to info | fluid intelligence |
| accumulated knowledge and enhanced judgment based on experience | crystallized intelligence |
| Performance subtests on IQ tests assess abilities of __ intelligence. | fluid |
| Comprehension and vocabulary subtests of IQ tests asses abilities of __ intelligence. | crystallized |
| kind of intelligence that peaks in emerging adulthood | fluid |
| kind of intelligence that improves through the 20s and 30s | crystallized |
| By age __, the brain is 95% of adult size. | 6 |
| 2 timeframes that thickening of synaptic connections occur | prenatal-18 months beginning of puberty (10-12) |
| The increase/thickening of synaptic connections in the brain is known as __. | overproduction/exuberance |
| theory that says cognitive development is inherently both a social and cultural process | Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory |
| Vygotsky's most influential ideas | zone of proximal development scaffolding |
| the gap between what adolescents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or more competent peer | zone of proximal development |
| the degree of assistance provided to the adolescent in the zone of proximal development | scaffolding |
| the teaching interaction between 2 people as they participate in a culturally valued activity | guided participation |
| 2 aspects of __ are critical thinking and decision making. | practical cognition |
| The new field of social psychology emphasizes the __ context of cognition. | cultural |
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