| Term | Definition |
|---|
| King John | Younger brother and successor of Richard the Lion Hearted |
| John Huss | Influenced by Wycliffe's writings; a professor in Bohemia who taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope; excommunicated in 1412 |
| John Wycliffe | an Englishman who challenged the papacy; preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church; |
| Joan of Arc | teenage French peasant girl who felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors |
| Michelangelo | greatest Renaissance artist |
| Donatello | created free standing statues; statues=real, lifelike, nude |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | greatest works: The Last Supper, The Mona Lisa |
| Machiavelli | wrote The Prince |
| Raphael | blended secular work with religious ideas |
| Dante | medieval writer; He wrote in the vernacular, his native language, instead of Latin |
| Shakespeare | most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age; greatest playwright of all time; |
| More | tried to show a better model of society; In 1516, he wrote the book Utopia. In Greek, utopia means "no place." In English it has come to mean an ideal place as depicted in More's book. |
| Erasmus | Christian humanist; friends w/Thomas More of England (another Christian humanist) |
| Medici Famiily | richest family in Europe; controlled banking; ruled Florence; spent own money to beautify it |
| Guttenburg | developed printing press because block printing was slow; incorporating a number of technologies in a new way into the printing press; as a result, books became cheaper and were made faster |
| Petrarch | humanist; poet; "Father of Renaissance humanism" |
| Henry VIII | A king who didn't have a male son to be the heir to his throne so he needed a divorce which wasn't allowed in the Catholic Church |
| Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor |
| Columbus | Convinced Spain to find a sea route to Asia by sailing W across the Atlantic Ocean |
| Magellan | led Spanish expedition to Phillipines |
| Vasco De Gama | Portuguese explorer who discovered a direct sea route to India by going around the east coast of Africa |
| Prince Henry | Founded a navigation school |
| Hernando Cortes | Spaniard who landed in Mexico |
| King John | He failed as a military leader, earning the nickname John Softsword. he lost Normandy and all his lands in northern France to the French under Philip Augustus. |
| King John | He was cruel to his subjects and tried to squeeze money out of them |
| King John | He alienated the Church and threatened to take away town charters guaranteeing self-government |
| King John | he raised taxes to an all-time high to finance his wars. His nobles revolted. |
| King John | On June 15, 1215, they forced him to agree to the Magna Carta |
| John Wycliffe | the clergy should own no land or wealth; Bible alone-not the pope-was the final authority for Christian life; He helped spread this idea by inspiring an English translation of the New Testament of the Bible. |
| Joan of Arc | When she was 13, she began to have visions and hear what she believed were voices of the saints. They urged her to drive the English from France and give the French crown to France's true king, Charles VII, son of Charles VI. |
| Joan of Arc | On May 7, 1429, this person led the French army into battle at a fort city near Orléans. The fort blocked the road to Orléans. It was a hard-fought battle for both sides. The French finally retreated in despair. Suddenly, this person and a few soldiers charged back toward the fort. The entire French army stormed after this person. The siege of Orléans was broken. ; this person guided the French onto the path of victory.; |
| Joan of Arc | this person persuaded Charles to go with this person to Reims. There he was crowned king on July 17, 1429.; |
| Joan of Arc | In 1430, the Burgundians, England's allies, captured this person in battle. They turned this person over to the English. The English, in turn, handed this person over to Church authorities to stand trial. Although the French king Charles VII owed his crown to this person, he did nothing to rescue this person. |
| Joan of Arc | Condemned as a witch and a heretic because of this person's claim to hear voices, this person was burned at the stake on May 30, 1431. |
| Michelangelo | great works: Sistine Chapel, Statue of David, Pieta (man holding Jesus), St. Peter's Basilica |
| Michelangelo | professions: painter, sculptor, architect, poet |
| Donatello | his great work: Statue of David |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | used lighting to add depth and meaning |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | works focused on human emotions |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | a true Renaissance man |
| Machiavelli | examines the imperfect conduct of human beings. |
| Machiavelli | examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies. In answering this question, he began with the idea that most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt. |
| Raphael | great works: paintings of Madonna; The School of Athens |
| Dante | his native language was Italian |
| Shakespeare | revered the classics and drew on them for inspiration and plots |
| Shakespeare | His works display a masterful command of the English language and a deep understanding of human beings |
| Shakespeare | He revealed the souls of men and women through scenes of dramatic conflict |
| Shakespeare | Many of his plays examine human flaws |
| Erasmus | wrote The Praise of Folly |
| Erasmus | his book poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests |
| Erasmus | believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one of ceremonies or rules |
| Erasmus | thought that in order to improve society, all people should study the Bible |
| Petrarch | wrote both in Italian and Latin; wrote sonnets (14 lined poems) in Italian about a mysterious woman named Laura, his ideal |
| Henry VIII | he asked the pope to annul his marriage. But the pope didn't b/c he didn't want to upset Charles V who was Henry's wife's nephew |
| Henry VIII | had to call Parliament to ask them to pass the Act of Supremacy |
| Henry VIII | secretly married Anne Boleyn and after Parliament passed the act, divorced Catherine |
| Charles V | Being Catholic, went against Luther and put him on a trial demanding that Luther take back his words, |
| Charles V | Luther did not take back his words, so as a result, this person issued the Edict of Worms |
| Columbus | He reached the Bahamas thinking he reached the E Indies |
| Columbus | Named the Bahamas San Salvador/ Holy Savior |
| Columbus | Intended to make colonies out of Caribbean Islands |
| Columbus | Went to Americas on 2nd voyage |
| Magellan | convinced the king of Spain to fund his voyage into the newly discovered Pacific ocean |
| Magellan | After exploring the island of Guam, he and his crew eventually reached the Philippines |
| Magellan | Unfortunately, he became involved in a local war in the Phillipines and was killed |
| Magellan | circumnavigated the world |
| Vasco de Gama | First European to sail to India |
| Prince Henry | Prince of Portugal |
| Prince Henry | Patron of exploration/navigation |
| Hernando Cortes | Conquered the Aztecs: reached Aztec capital, Tenochitlan |
| Hernando Cortes | Aztec emperor, Montezuma II, agreed to give him some of the Aztec gold supply, but this person was not satisfied |
| Hernando Cortes | he conquered w/ 3 advantages: superior weaponry (muskets and cannons), enlisted help of various native groups, and disease (Europeans that came brought many diseases w/ them) |
| Philip II | His Invincible Armada was defeated when he went to invade England during Eliz.'s reign |
| Philip II | Eliz.'s brother-in-law |
| Philip II | Mary Tudor's Catholic husband |
| Philip II | Want to marry Eliz. after Mary's death |
| Philip II | Strategy during battle against England=formed crescent w/ ships |
| Philip II | Had to abandon the battle (invasion of England) b/c running low on supplies and ammunition |
| Philip II | Son of Charles IV |
| Philip II | Nephew of Port. Kingdom, so he seized it |
| Philip II | Increased taxes in Netherlands and began crushing Protestantism |
| Elizabeth | Didn't want to marry |
| Elizabeth | Established a state church for moderate Catholics and Protestants |
| Elizabeth | Passed Act of Uniformity and new Act of Supremacy |
| Elizabeth | As a concession to Protestantism) allowed priests of Church of England to marry and deliver sermons in English, not Latin |
| Elizabeth | Allowed Church of England to keep all trappings of a formal priesthood like rich robeso |
| Elizabeth | Had Mary Stuart beheaded b/c she tried beheading Eliz. |
| Elizabeth | Angered Philip II by aiding Dutch Protestants in revolt against Catholic Spain |
| Elizabeth | Wanted an American Empire of her own like Spain, but not enough wealth, so business leaders started joint-stock companies |
| Elizabeth | Encourages piracy |
| Louis XIV | Excluded nobles from his councils which decreased nobles' power |
| Louis XIV | Increased power of intendants |
| Louis XIV | Cancelled Edict of Nantes after Colbert's death, causing France to lose many skilled workers |
| Louis XIV | Invaded Spanish Netherlands and gained 12 towns |
| Louis XIV | Led army in to Dutch Netherlands and gained several towns and region called Franche-comte |
| Louis XIV | Made all nobles of his country move into his palace causing a decrease in nobles' power |
| Louis XIV | Filled council w/middle class making middle class loyal to him |
| Louis XIV | Weakened France: fought many wars which were expensive, lives life luxuriously, and revokes Edict of Nantes and as a result loses Huguenots who were skilled workers that go and make the Dutch Economy boom |
| Peter the Great | A.k.a. Czar Peter I |
| Peter the Great | Ruled Russia |
| Peter the Great | Adopted E. Orthodox Branch of Christianity |
| Peter the Great | First Czar to visit W. Europe |
| Peter the Great | Embarked on the "Grand Embassy", long visit to W. Euro. b/c he wanted to learn Euro. customs and manufacturing techniques |
| Peter the Great | Wanted to westernize Russia |
| Peter the Great | Brought Russian Orthodox Church under state control |
| Peter the Great | Abolished office of Patriarch and set up group=Holy Synod to run the church |
| Peter the Great | Recruited men from low-ranking families, then promoted w/positions of authority and rewarded them w/land resulting in decrease in power of landowners |
| Peter the Great | Modernized army: hired Euro. officers, soldier=lifetime job, and imposed heavy taxes to pay for the large army |
| Peter the Great | Introduced potatoes |
| Peter the Great | Started Russia's 1st newspapers |
| Peter the Great | Raised women's status by having them attend social gatherings |
| Peter the Great | Ordered nobles to give up their traditional clothes for western fashions |
| Peter the Great | Established St. Petersburg |
| Peter the Great | Spent first part of his reign in W. Euro. in disguise |
| Peter the Great | Absolute monarch |
| Peter the Great | Goals for Russia: to modernize Russia and to get a warm water sea port |
| Peter the Great | Made himself head of the Russian Church |
| Peter the Great | Decreased power of boyars by not appointing them to high offices in gov. |
| Peter the Great | Allowed women to be seen in public w/o veils |
| Peter the Great | Got rid of Russian calendar and adopted Julian calendar |
| Peter the Great | Brought back ideas of mercantilism |
| Peter the Great | Encouraged iron-making |
| Peter the Great | Made men shave beards, changed culture |
| Colbert | To expand manufacturing, gave gov. funds and tax benefits to French companies |
| Colbert | Wanted France to manufacture everything it needed instead of relying on imports |
| Colbert | Believed in theory of mercantilism |
| Colbert | Louis XIV's minister of finance |
| Colbert | To protect French industries, placed high tariff on imported goods |
| Colbert | French gov. encouraged people to go to France's colony, Canada |
| Charles I | defeated in English Civil War by enemy |
| Charles I | Parliament passed laws limiting his royal power and so he tried arresting some leaders of Parliament |
| Charles I | Offended Puritans by upholding rituals of the Anglican Church: tried Presybterian Scots to accept a version of Anglican prayer book and wanted both Eng. and Scotland to follow one religion causing Scots to rebel and threaten to invade Eng. |
| Charles I | For money, imposed fees and fines on English people |
| Charles I | Dissolved Parliament and refused to call it back into session |
| Charles I | Ignored petition after signing it b/c it contradicted the theory of absolute monarchy |
| Charles I | Signed Petition of Right in order to get money from Parliament |
| Charles I | Son of James I and successor |
| James II | Displayed Catholicism |
| James II | Violating Eng. law, appointed many Catholics to high office |
| James II | His oldest daughter's husband, William, led army to London, as a result, he fled to France |
| James II | Parliament asked his oldest daughter, Mary, and husband, William, to overthrow James for Protestantism |
| William and Mary | Constitutional monarchy |
| William and Mary | Recognized Parliament as their partner in governing |
| William and Mary | Bill of Rights |
| William and Mary | Cabinet system develops |
| Oliver Cromwell | favored religious toleration for all Christians except Catholics, allowed Jews to return |
| Oliver Cromwell | he and Puritans made laws promoting Puritan Morality: abolished "sinful" activities (ex: theatre and dancing) |
| Oliver Cromwell | (Ireland=under Eng. rule) put down rebellion in Ireland, seized Irish lands and home and gave them to Eng. soldiers |
| Oliver Cromwell | Tore up the constitution and became a military dictator |
| Oliver Cromwell | First written constitution of any modern Euro. was written during his reign |
| Oliver Cromwell | Sent home remaining members of Parliament |
| Oliver Cromwell | Established commonwealth |
| Oliver Cromwell | Abolished monarchy and House of Lords |
| Oliver Cromwell | His new model army defeated Charles I, brought him to trial and sentenced him to death which was the first public trial and execution for a reigning monarch |
| Oliver Cromwell | General for Puritans during Eng. Civil War |
| Rembrandt | artist who had effective use of light to focus attention |
| Rembrandt | painted the wealth middle-class |
| Rembrandt | Night Watch |
| Voltaire | Known for strong dislike of the Catholic Church and French gov. |
| Voltaire | Used satire- wrote Candide |
| Voltaire | Key beliefs= tolerance & freedom of speech |
| Montesquieu | England's gov.=best b/c separation of powers |
| Montesquieu | advocated checks &balances |
| Rousseau | Believed in direct democracy |
| Rousseau | Gov. were created by people (social contract) |
| Rousseau | Wrote Social Contract |
| Rousseau | Committed to individual freedom |
| Rousseau | Against women's ed. |
| Rousseau | Gov.'s could only be ruled by general will |
| Adam Smith | Free trade w/o tariffs |
| Adam Smith | Laissez faire- gov. should leave the economy alone |
| Adam Smith | Mercantilism=wrong |
| Adam Smith | Law of supply &demand: people will only make as much stuff as needed |
| Adam Smith | Law of self interest: people act for selfish reasons |
| Adam Smith | Law of competition: forces people to make a better product & competition leads to economic progress |
| Newton | Father of modern physics |
| Newton | Discovered law of gravity when apple fell on his head |
| Newton | 3 laws of physics |
| Newton | wrote The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy |
| Franklin | discovers electricity |
| Thomas Hobbes | writes after the English Civil War |
| Thomas Hobbes | gov. is create by a social contract=people give up all rights in return for protection of their lives |
| Thomas Hobbes | human nature= evil, selfish, &mean |
| Thomas Hobbes | state of nature= anarchy (no gov.) |
| Thomas Hobbes | it is more important to protect your life |
| Thomas Hobbes | wants a powerful gov. |
| Thomas Hobbes | writes Leviathan which begins by talking about human nature |
| John Locke | writes after the Glorious Revolution |
| John Locke | gov. is sometimes abusive, but shouldn't be |
| John Locke | state of nature= okay |
| John Locke | human nature= okay, reasonable |
| John Locke | social contract= give up some rights and freedoms to protect life, liberty, & estates |
| John Locke | people can revolt against gov. |
| John Locke | purpose of gov.=to protect 3 natural rights of its people |
| Copernicus | Heliocentric theory |
| Copernicus | Published findings in last year of his life in On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies |
| Kepler | Demonstrated the heliocentric theory mathematically |
| Kepler | Supported heliocentric theory |
| Kepler | Planets revolve in an elliptical motion around then sun, not in circular motion |
| Kepler | Had 3 laws |
| Galileo | Advanced on the heliocentric theory |
| Galileo | Pope summoned him to Rome to stand trial before the Inquisition |
| Galileo | Earth's moon has a rough uneven surface which proved Aristotle wrong who thought the moon and stars were made of perfect pure substance |
| Galileo | Sun has dark spots |
| Galileo | Jupiter has 4 moons |
| Galileo | In 1610, published Starry Messenger, a book which described his observations |
| Galileo | Under threat of torture, he agreed that Copernicus's ideas were false |
| Galileo | Built his own telescope and used it to study the heavens in 1609 |
| Wollstonecraft | Women are not inherently inferior to men, it was caused by a lack of ed. |
| Wollstonecraft | First great work of the feminist movement- Indication of the Rights of Women |
| Wollstonecraft | Women are taught to be pretty from their childhood causing them to neglect their minds which waste away |
| Jenner | discovered that inoculation w/germs from a cattle disease called cowpox gave permanent protection from smallpox for humans |
| Jenner | made the vaccination for smallpox |
| Jenner | came up w/ vaccination |
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