| Term | Definition |
|---|
| King Mongkut | prevented his country, Thailand, from being imperialized by the French. He's the king in The King and I. Promoted western ideas and became friendly with European countries. |
| King Chulalongkorn¬ | Mongkut's son. Promoted western ideas and became friendly with European countries. |
| Commodore George Dewey | a United States commodore who defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. |
| Emilio Aguninaldo | leader of an independence movement in the Phillipines. He revolted against the Spanish and continued against the U.S. He used guerrilla forces, but was defeated by the U.S. |
| Muhammad Ali | officer in the Ottoam army who seized power and made Egypt. He brought reforms to Egypt and modernized the country, army, public schools, and made small industries that made sugar, textiles, munitions, and ships. |
| David Livingstone | an exploerer in Africa. He came in 1841 and was there for 30 years exploring unexplored places. |
| Henry Stanley | New York Herald journalist who went to find Livingstone. He said "Dr. livingstone, I presume." He stayed in Africa until Lviingstone died. He hated Africa. He explored Central Africa and the Congo River. |
| King Lepold II | of Belgium colonized the Congo very brutally, and was the driving force behind colonizing Cnetral Africa. |
| Queen Victoria | In 1876, she became queen of Britan and Empress of India, which was her "Jewel in the Crown." |
| The Zulus | Boers who colonized South Africa encountered native Africans called Zulus. They had their own empire but in the late 1800s, they were defeated by the British. |
| The Sepoys | the British East India Company hired Indian soldiers called sepoys to protect the company's interest in the region. |
| A Viceroy | a governor from Britian who is an Indian offical and representitive of a monarch. |
| Mohandas Gandhi¬ | led Indias independence movement with nonviolence. He was often called "great soul." He peacefully resisted unjust laws. |
| The Peninsulares | Spanish and portugese officials who lived in Latin America just for political and economic benefit. They dominated Latin America. |
| The Creoles | they were coopertive elites and they wanted to overthrow the Spanish rule and wanted to keep their power. Agustin de Iturbide was their leader. |
| Jose de San Martin of Argentina and Simon Bolivar of Venezuela¬ | members of the creole elite and were called the 'liberators of South America" They led a revolution against the Europeans in Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. |
| Mestizos | local native Americans of Eurpean and Native American descent. |
| Caudillos | strong leaders who gained control after Latin Amercian countries were freed. They ruled by miliratry force, and some modernized their countries, while others were destructive |
| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | ruled Mexico from 1833-1855. He created chaos and in 1835, American Settlers in Mexico and created Texas. There was a Mexican-American war. |
| Benito Juarez | then ruled Mexico and brought many reforms. He became a national hero and was the son of Native Americans. He brought reforms such as separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system. |
| Abdulhamid II | A sultan placed on the Ottoman throne and ruled like an authoritarian and suspended the constitution. He was in constant fear of assassination. |
| T.E. Lawrence | AKA Lawernce of a Arabi, was a British adventurer, who aided the Arabian nationalists. |
| Reza Shah Pahlavi¬ | became Shah/King of Persia (Iran) in 1925 and made the Pahlavi dynasty. He tried to copy Aturuk's reforms such as modernizing the government, military and economy. |
| Ibn Saud | reform leader in the early 1920s and united Northern Arabian Peninsula. He created Saudi Arabia in 1932. |
| W. E. B. DuBois | an African American Harvard educated person who led the movement for equality in the U.S. |
| Marcus Garvey | a Jamaican man in NYC who urged Africans to return to Africa and promoted Pan-Africanism. |
| Jawaharlal Nehru | Upper class Indian intellectual who studied in Britain. Nehru was secular and modern promoting western ideas. He split independence movements with Gahndi in India. |
| Ho Chi Minh | In French Indochina, Vietnamese communists were organized by Moscow-trained Ho Chi Minh in the 1020s. |
| Sun Yat-sen | leader of the nationalists in China. He had an alliance with the Communists, which did not last long. He died in 1925. |
| Chiang Kai-shek | succeeded Sun Yat-sen and preteneded to keep the alliance. But, in April of 1927, he attached the communists and killed thousands in the Shanhai massacre. He made a new Chinese Repulic in Nanjing. |
| Mao Zedong | young communist organizer and leader. He convince the peasants to join him in his communism. He altered the Russian kind of Communism replacing the people who overthrow the upper-class, the working class, with peasants. |
| Juan Vicente Gomez | U.S. oil companies became friendly with Gomez in Venezuela. |
| Hipolito Irigoyen | in 1916, he became leader of the Radical Party in Argentina. |
| Getulio Vargas | A coup in 1930, in Brazil, made Vargas the president. He was a wealthy rancher. He ruled for 15 years and made things easier for the working class. In 1937, he became a dictator and made an authoritarian state. He enacted a secret police. |
| Lazaro Cardenas | he was president of Mexico from 1934-1940. He distributed land to the lower and poorer class. He stood up against the U.S. oil companies who had oil fields in the country. |
| Nikita Khrushchev | became leader of the Soviet Union in 1955. He tried to take adcantage of American concern over missiles to solve the problem of West Berlin. He is the one behind the Berlin Wall, after he realized he need to stop people form moving West. |
| Gabriel Garcia Marquez | He was a Colombian author famous for writing magic realism. He was raised by his grand mother and won a Nobel Prize fo literature in 1982. |
| Oscar Niemeyer | a Brazilian architect who was hired to design Brasilia. He had an international reputation and was very famous. |
| Vicente Fox | defeated a PRI candidate in Mexico and became president. He was the first person not of the PRI to be elected since 1910. He was wealthy and educated at Harvard. He joined the National Action Party (PAN). People were optimistic about his presidency but he has not been able to deliver. |
| Cesar Chavez | Chavez was born in Arizona in 1927. His thinking about illiegal immigrants shifted from not approving of them in the U.S. to joining to help them and fight for their rights. |
| Fidel Castro | Led an opposition movement in Cuba in the 1059s. He overthrew dictator Fulgencio Batista. He seized Havana on January 3rd, 1959 and became leader. |
| Manuel Noriega | took control of Panama in 1983. He was a member of Panama's National Guard before that. The U.S. came into Panama, arrested him and sent him to prison for drug trafficking. |
| Somozas | had control of Nicaragua since 1937. They were supported by the U.S. The used their position to enrich themselves rather than benefitting the country. |
| Sandistas | Marxist guerrilla forces of the Sandinista National Liberation Front won many battles against the Somozas and got control of the government. |
| Contras | A group opposed the the Sandinistas, who tried to overthrow them. |
| Luiz Inacio "Lula" da Silva | elected president in 2002. He represented the poorer class in Brazil and was the 'people's president.' He has made Brazil more independent in global trade. |
| Juan Peron | In Argentina, a group of army officers overthrew the oligarchy. One of its members, Juan Peron, tried to gain support from the working class. He was elected president in 1946. He followed a policy of industrialization and he attempted to modernize parts of the country. His rule was authoritarian, but was exiled to Spain. |
| Salvador Allende | a Marxist, Allende became president of Chile in 1970. He increased the wages and nationalized the largest companies. He was very unpopular among the people. |
| Augusto Pinochet | led a revolution against Allende. He had control of the country's military. He set up a military government that was incredibly brutal. His regime made people "disappear." They were called the Desparecidos, or "The Disappeared." |
| Juan Valasco Alvarado | a General who took control of Peru. He took 7% of the land and gave it to peasant cooperatives. |
| The Shining Path | a group of communist guerrillas in the countryside, killing mayors, priests, missionaries, and peasants. They wanted to smash all authority and make a classless society in Peru. |
| Alberto Fujimori | a Peruvian president elected in 1990. He was the son of a Japanese immigrant. There were high hopes for him that quickly dissipated when he suspended the constitution and fought the Shining Path. He had a reputation of corruption and was replaced by Toledo. |
| Alejandro Toledo | elected president of Peru in 2001. He was of Native American descent. He enacted the Camisea Gas project, that carried natural gas into the Amazon jungle to Lima. |
| Alvaro Uribe | elected leader of Colombia in 2002. He was a hard-liner against the guerrilla rebels and was therefore a target of assassination attempts. |
| Kwame Nkrumah | guided Ghana to be the first British colony to gain independence in 1957. |
| Nelson Mandela | an ANC leader, Mandela was arrested in 1962 for armed resistance against the white government in South Africa. |
| Jomo Kenyatta | leader of Kenya, educated in Great Britain. He founded the Kenya National Unnion in 1946 and fought for Kenyan independence . He believed in Western-style capitalism. |
| Desmond Tutu | Nobel prize winner who worked with others to free Mandela and abolish apartheid. |
| Chinua Achebe | A Nigerian novelist who won a Nobel Prize for literature in 1989. His novels revealed problems Africans faced and the conflict between traditional and Western vales. |
| Gamal Abdel Nasser | an Egyptian leader who played an important role in the Arab world. He took control of Egypt in the 1950s and seized the Suez Canal Company, which launched a fight between Egypt and the British and French. |
| Anwar el-Sadat | he succeeded Nasser after he died. Sadat launched an attack on Israel in 1973 but a cease fire was settled upon in 1974. |
| Menachem Begin | Israel's prime minister who, with Sadat, agreed on the Camp David Accords in the U.S. with Carter. |
| Yasir Arafat | a leader in the PLO, he became the head of al-Fatah. He used terrorist attacks against Israel. |
| Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi | became leader of Irna and he helped the country get rich. Many Irianians opposed the shag. There was strong opposition against him. Many protests eventually caused him to flee the counry in 1979. |
| Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini | he led the opposition against the shah and was an important official in the Shiite community, he denounced western ideas, but lived in exile in Iraq. |
| Saddam Hussein | a militant hostile leader of Iraq since 1979. Hussein launched an attack on Iran and he fought a very brutal war, killing children, and mass biological warfare. The Kurds especially suffered during this war. |
| Osama bin Laden | A 22-year-old Muslim who was from one of Saudi Arabia's wealthiest famlies. He founded al-Qaeda in 1988 to support the Afghan resistance. He became conviced he could take down the western superpowers. He devoted his life to driving out these countries. |
| Hamid Karzi | was selected among Afghan leaders to become the president. He faced many, many problems in this country including aftermath of the Civil war, poverty, and reaching political agreements. |
| Iyad Allawi | sworn in 2004 as Iraq's prime minister and attempted to end the violence in his country. He face many problems in his politically split country. |
| Deng Xiaoping | succeeded Mao Zedong and brought an end to the Cultural Revolution. He called for four modernizations including new policies in industry, agriculture, technology, and national defense. He died in 1977 but his successors continued his policies. |
| Sikhs | followers of a religon based on both Hindu and Muslim ideals. They livein Punjab and want this province to become independent. |
| Pol Pot | led the revolutionary regime called the Khumer Rouge in Cambodia. They massacred 1.5 million Cambodiams from 1975-1979. |
| Ferdinand Marcos | a president in the Philippines who was forced out of his country after 20 years in power. His government was very corrupt. He is suspected of killing his political opponent Benigno Aquino. |
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