Infectious Diseases
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Created by:
Andrew_Ramirez on February 15, 2012
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Exam 1
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67 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 After antibiotics were discovered, the medical community began to focus on which three major causes of disease? | Cancer, Heart Disease, and Viral (HIV) |
| Why after 1995 did infectious diseases become one of the top 5 causes of death in America? | Aging population increase Increase in immuno-compromised patients |
| New-New Diseases | New disease caused by newly discovered species of pathogen (lyme disease) |
| New-Old Diseases | Old disease whose pathogen/cause has recently been discovered |
| Old-New Diseases | Old diseases that have reemerged (TB) Old pathogens that have acquired new traits (Staph) |
| Old-Old Diseases | Old disease from known pathogen that has recently been recognized by the public |
| Italian physician that proposed that epidemic disease is cause by "spores" | Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro |
| Proposed germ theory while working with Anthrax | Robert Koch |
| Robert Koch's | First Postulate: Association of the microbe with the lesions of the disease Second Postulate: Isolation of the bacterium in pure culture Third Postulate: Showing that the isolated bacterium causes disease in humans or animals Fourth Postulate: Reisolation of the bacterium from the intentionally infected animal |
| Stanley Falkow's Postulates | Phenotype or property under investigation should be associated with pathogenic members of a genus or pathogenic strains of a species. The gene in question should be found in all pathogenic strains of the genus or species but be absent from nonpathogenic strains Specific inactivation of the gene(s) associated with the suspected virulence trait should lead to a measurable loss in pathogenicity or virulence (animal model) Reversion or allelic replacement of the mutated gene should lead to restoration of pathogenicity. The gene, which causes virulence must be expressed during infection. |
| Discovered Penicillin | Alexander Fleming |
| Colonization | Organism does not interfere with normal physiology of the host |
| Infection | Organism has a parasitic relationship with the host |
| Disease | Presence of the organism leads to damage to the host |
| Strict Pathogen | Organism that is always associated with a disease |
| Opportunistic Pathogen | Organism that is typically a member of the normal flora but leads to an infection when found in unprotected sites |
| Exogenous Infection | Infection arising from an external source |
| Endogenous Infection | Infection arising from host microbial flora |
| Convalescence | Period of recovery in which the illness is still contagious |
| Acute (Duration) | Rapid onset of symptoms |
| Chronic (Duration) | Disease develops slowly and lasts longer |
| Latent (Duration) | Infection is never completely eliminated |
| Horizontal Spread | Spread of infection from individual to other individuals in a population |
| Vertical Spread | Spread of infection through family lineage |
| Steps of Infection | Attachment, spread, multiplication, evasion of host defenses, shedding (transmission), and disease (optional) |
| Where 95% of infections begin | Respiratory, GI tract, Urogenital tract |
| Where 5% of infections begin | Vector bite |
| Benefits of normal flora | Supply of nutrients, keeps immune system on its feet, excludes potential pathogenic organisms |
| Factors that balance normal flora on skin | dryness, shedding, low pH, salinity, lack of nutrients, toxic fatty acids |
| Protective mechanisms in upper respiratory tract | hairs in the nares, lysozyme in saliva and nasopharynx, desquamation |
| Alveolar defense | alveolar macrophages |
| Vaginal defense | glycogen is secreted, which is broken down by lactobacilli, producing lactic acid, which lowers the pH |
| SALT | skin associated lymphoid tissue |
| MALT | mucosa associated lymphoid tissue |
| GALT | gastrointestinal associated lymphoid tissue |
| Langerhans cell | samples antigens for presentation (SALT) |
| M-Cell | samples antigens for presentation (MALT/GALT) |
| Antibacterial peptides | positively charged peptides that lyse bacterial cells by forming pores in the membrane |
| Complement | set of proteins produced in the liver that circulate the body that upon activation, lead to a membrane attack complex (MAC) |
| Lectin Pathway (complement activation) | carbohydrates with high mannose content on surface of bacteria lead to activation |
| Classical Pathway (complement activation) | Antibody-Antigen complex |
| Alternate Pathway (complement activation) | Bacterial surface components bind C3b |
| Toll Like Receptors (TLR) | receptors that recognize microbial factors that are not found in human tissue |
| PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) | microbial structures that are invariant within a class of microorganisms |
| PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors) | Receptors of the innate immune system that directly recognize PAMPs |
| LPS/Lipid A | a PAMP that activates the host innate immune system |
| Immunogen | Any material capable of eliciting an immune response |
| Antigen | molecule that is recognized by the immune system that leads to an immune response |
| Epitope | the specific molecular structure (on the immunogen/antigen) that is recognized by the immune system |
| Antibody | An immunoglobulin protein that interacts with an antigen and is produced by B cells |
| Humoral Immune Response | Activation of B lymphocytes, production of antibodies |
| CDR (antigen) | complementary determining region |
| Monoclonal Antibodies | Identical antibodies that recognize same epitope |
| Polyclonal Antibodies | heterogenous population of antibodies that recognize different epitopes of the same antigen |
| Ig | immunoglobulin (antibody) |
| Cell Mediated Immune Response | Activation of T cells and other cytotoxic cells |
| Two major functions of T cells | 1. Control, suppress, and activate immune and inflammatory response by releasing cytokines 2. Directly kill foreign invaders |
| TCR | T Cell Receptor (genetic maturation dependent on |
| Helper T cell | binds to antigen-MHC II complex and releases cytokines to aid immune response |
| Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) | binds to antigen-MHC I complex, leads to |
| Natural Killer Cells (NK) | T cells that target host cells exhibiting an abnormal expression of MHC I complexes |
| Passive Immunity | injecting antibodies against a particular pathogen |
| Active Immunity | Immunity acquired after exposure to pathogen (natural immunization) or immunization (vaccination) |
| Toxoid Vaccine | vaccine from inactivated toxic compounds specific to a disease |
| Inactivated (killed) | vaccine from killed pathogens |
| Subunit Vaccine | vaccine from the bacterial or viral components that illicit the immune response |
| Adjuvants | compounds that aid antigens to illicit an immune response |
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