Chapter 2 Microbiology
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90 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anything that occupies space and mass is called: | Matter |
| The electrones of an atom are: | moving in pathways called orbitals and always equal to the number of protons |
| 14C6 | contains: 6 protons 6 electrons (because always equal) is an isotope of carbon (yes because isotopes have different # of neutrons, so 2 top #s will be different) mass # 14 does not pertain: 14 neutrons - it only has 8 neutrons (to find # of neutrons you must subtract the # of protons from the mass #) |
| the subatomic particles that surround the nucleus are: | electrons |
| Isotopes are atoms, of the same element, that differ in | neutron # |
| What is the maximum # of electrons in the second energy shell of an atom? | 8 n=number of shells formula: n squared times 2 so, second shell would be n=2, 2 squared = 4, then X 2=8 |
| What is the maximum # of electrons in the first energy shell of an atom? | 2 n=number of shells formula: n squared times 2 so, first shell would be n=1, 1 squared = 1, then X 2=2 |
| the valance number is the | number of outermost electrons |
| two or more atoms bonded together are called a: | molecule |
| polar molecules are composed of covalently bonded: | atoms of different electronegativity |
| which type of molecules have an unequal charge distibution? | Polar molecules |
| A reaction where an electron is lost | oxidation |
| oxidation | any reaction causing a loss |
| a reaction that receives electrons | reduction |
| a reaction that occurs when ionic bond is broken and atoms separate into ions | ionization |
| positively charged ions | cations |
| negatively charged ions | anions |
| conduct an electrical current | electrolytes |
| an atom has gained an electron. It has been: | reduced |
| A +B then AB | synthesis reaction |
| AB then A + B | decompostion |
| AB + XY then AX+BY | replacement |
| the important solvent associated with living things | water |
| characteristics of an acid | pH less than 7 lactic acid vinegar hydrogen ion donor |
| Base | pH above 7 |
| Neutral | pH = 7 water |
| bond that results from sharing of electrons | covalent |
| a bond that results from the transferring of electrons | ionic bond |
| a bond that results from polar covalent bonds | hydrogen bond |
| hydrophilic | love water |
| hydrophobic | hate water |
| ionic compounds are: | hydrophilic polar and ionic |
| the building blocks of enzymes | amino acids |
| a simple sugar such as glucose that is the basic building block for more complex carbohydrates | monosaccharides |
| a sugar containing 2 monosaccharides | disaccharide |
| sucrose (fructose + glucose) | disaccharide |
| fructose | monosaccharide |
| a carbohydrate that can be hydrolyzed into a number of monosaccharides | polysaccharide |
| cellulose | polysaccharide |
| starch | polysaccharide |
| glygogen | polysaccharide |
| ribose | monosaccharide |
| deoxyribose | monosaccharide |
| cholesterol | lipid |
| phospholipid | lipid |
| wax | lipid |
| triglyceride | lipid |
| A monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms will have _____hydrogen atoms and ______ oxygen atoms | 10,5 (CH2O)n = where n=5 C5H(2*5)O5 = C5H10O5 |
| One nucleotide contains the following: | one phosphate one pentose one nitrogen base |
| contains glycosidic bonds | polysaccharides |
| glycosidic bonds | link subunits of disaccharides and polysaccharides together |
| what part of the phospholipid forms hydrophobic bonds? | fatty acids |
| An amino acid contains: | an amino group a carboxyl group a variable R group a carbon does NOT contain: a nitrogen base |
| ATP is best described as | the energy molecule of cells |
| True about enzymes | found in all cells are catalysts participate in cell's chemical reactions can be denatured by heat and other agents They DO NOT: have high-energy bonds between phosphates |
| all of the genetic material of the cell | genome |
| the complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism | genome |
| DNA + RNA | genome |
| Processes that define life include: | growth reproduction and heredity metabolism movement and/or irritability does NOT include: invading host cells |
| The orderly division of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division i s called | mitosis |
| during the formation of a carbohydrate bond, the step in which a carbon molecule gives up its OH group, and the other uses the H from its OH group, thereby producing a water molecule. | dehydration synthesis |
| Protons + Neutrons= | atomic weight |
| atoms that gain or lose electrons become charged particles called: | ions |
| protons and neutrons make up the atom's central core referred to as its | nucleus |
| a solution is composed of one or more substances called _______ that are uniformly dispersed in a dissolving medium called a ______. | solute, solvent |
| Organic chemicals always have a basic framework of the element _____ bonded to other atoms. | Carbon |
| _____ bonds are formed by dehydration synthesis between adjacent amino acids. | Peptide |
| A fat is called _____if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single bonded to 2 other carbons and hydrogens. | saturated |
| molecules entering or starting a reaction | reactant |
| substances left by a reaction | product |
| a weak type of bond that forms between a hydrogen covalently bonded to one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen, on the same molecule, or a different molecule | hydrogen bond |
| substances that increase the rate of an action | catalyst |
| triglycerides | important storage lipids |
| if there is atleast one double bonded C (C=C) in the hydrocarbon chain of the fat | unsaturated |
| Purines and pyrimidines are components in the building block units of: | nucleic acids |
| the nitrogenous base of a nucleic acid comes in 2 forms: | purines pyrimidines |
| one ring | pyrimidines |
| 3 types of pyrimidines | thymine cytosine uracil |
| two ring | purines |
| 2 types of purines | adenine guanine |
| During protein synthesis, __RNA is made to be a copy of a gene from the DNA. | messenger |
| copy of DNA | messenger RNA |
| carrier | tranfer RNA |
| ribosomes | ribosomal RNA |
| In _______reproduction, offspring arise from the division of a single parent cell into 2 identical progeny cells. | Asexual Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction. |
| T or F All proteins are enzymes. | False because all enzymes are proteins, not the other way around. |
| T or F Elements have predictsble chemical properties | True |
| T or F Replication is the cellular mechanism for making a copy of its DNA | True |
| T or F Nucleic acids have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of organization. | False, proteins have these characteristics, not nucleic acids. |
| phospholipid bilayer | cell membrane |
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