| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Reactants | _______ are the starting substances in a chemical reaction. |
| Synthesis | Two or more substances combine to form one new substance in ____________ reactions. |
| Chemical reaction | The process by which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances is called a ________. |
| Mass-mass problems | __________ are calculations used to find the masses of materials involved in reactions. |
| Single displacement | In the chemical reaction known as _________, one element displaces another in a compound. |
| Stoichiometry | The quantitative study of chemical reactions such as mass –mass problems is called. |
| Decomposition | The breaking up of substances into simpler substances when energy is supplied is called _________. |
| Products | ________ is the term referring to the substances formed by a chemical reaction. |
| Double displacement | In _________ reactions, the positive and negative portions of two compounds are interchanged. |
| Percentage yield | The ______ of a product is expressed as actual amount of product over theoretical amount of product x 100% |
| Combustion | The reaction of an organic compound as it burns in air is called ___________. |
| Endothermic reaction | Any reaction who' products have more energy than the reactants; the container would feel could because the products take thermal energy out of the surroundings and absorb the energy into their chemical bonds |
| Exothermic reactions | Any reaction that gives off thermal energy; the products have less energy than the reactants |
| Bond length | The distance along a straight line connecting the nuclei of two bended atoms in a molecule is called the ______. |
| Molecule | An uncharged particle that is formed when two or more atoms are covalently bonded is a(n) _______. |
| Ionic bond | The electrostatic force that holds two ions of opposite charge together is called a(n) ______. |
| Bond axis | The line joining the nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule is called the _____. |
| Electronegativity | The relative tendency of an atom to attract electrons to it when bonded to another atom is called its ______. |
| Bond angle | The _______ is the angular distance between two bond axes that extend from the same atom. |
| Covalent bond | A shared pair of electrons between two atoms forms a(n) _______. |
| Delocalized electron | A(n) ______ in a metal is free to move from one atom to another. |
| Metallic bond | The delocalized electrons holding metallic atoms together produce the _______. |
| Polyatomic ion | A charged particle formed by two or more covalently bonded atoms is called a(n) ______. |
| Isomer | A substance with the same molecular formula as another, but with a different structure, is called a(n) __________. |
| Shared pair | A pair of outer electrons that bond two atoms is called a(n) ________. |
| Triple bond | Three pairs of electrons bonding two atoms form a(n) _________. |
| Unsaturated compound | An organic compound with at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms is called a(n) ________. |
| Double bond | Two orbitals binding a pair of atoms form a(n) _______. |
| Hybrid orbital | The merging of an s and p orbital forms a(n) ________. |
| Unshared pair | Two electrons in a nonbonding orbital are called a(n) _______. |
| Saturated compound | An organic compound in which all the carbon atoms are joined by single bonds is called a(n) ________. |
| Intermolecular force | Any force that holds two molecules together is called a(n) ______. |
| Polar covalent | A bond in which one of the atoms attracts the shared pair more strongly than the other is said to be ______. |
| Dipole | molecule with any asymmetrical charge distribution is a(n) ________. |
| Intramolecular force | Any attraction between atoms in a molecule is a(n) ________. |
| Real gases | Unlike an ideal gas, the molecules of ______ have both volume and an attraction for one another. |
| Boyle's law | ________ states that the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with its volume, if the amount and temperature of the gas remain constant. |
| Standard atmospheric pressure | 101.325 kilopascals is _______. |
| Point masses | ________ are considered to have no volume or diameter because they are so small and so far apart. |
| Ideal gas | A(n) ______ is composed of molecules with mass, but with no volume and no mutual attraction between the gas molecules. |
| Charles's law | The equation V = kT (volume of a quantity of gas varies directly with the Kelvin temperature) represents _________. |
| Standard temperature | _________, or 0◦C, is one of two standards used to compare volumes of gas. |
| Dalton's law | Adding partial pressures of all the gases in a container to find the total pressure in the container demonstrates ________. |
| STP | ________ indicates that a gas has been measured at standard conditions. |
| Avogadro's principle | The following statement is called _______; At equal temperatures and equal pressures, equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules. |
| Molar volume | The ______ of a gas is the volume occupied by one mole of the gas under standard conditions. |
| Ideal gas equation | PV=nRT, which represents the relationship among pressure, temperature, volume, and moles of a gas, is called the _______. |
| kPa | a unit for pressure (P) |
| cm3 | a unit for volume (V) |
| K | a unit for Temperature (T) |
| n | represents moles in the ideal gas equation |
| R | the Boltzmann constant , equal to 8.31J/mol K |
| Basic anhydride | Any oxide that will produce a base when dissolved in water is a(n) _________. |
| Weak acid | Acetic acid is called a(N) __________. |
| Salt | The negative ion of an acid and the positive ion of a base form a crystalline compound called a(n) _____. |
| Electrolytes | ________ are substances that conduct an electric current when they are dissolved in water. |
| Anhydrous | To be _______ means to be without water. |
| Amphoteric | A substance that can react as either an acid or a base is said to be ______. |
| Binary acid | A(n) _______ contains only two elements. |
| Strong acid | An example of a(n) ______ is hydrochloric acid; it is completely ionized in a water solution. |
| Ternary acid | A(n) ______ is an acid containing three elements. |
| Hydronium ion | A bare proton combined with a water molecule is called a(n) ______. |
| Weak base | A base that ionizes only slightly in a solution is called a________. |
| Conjugate base | The remaining particle after a proton has been released by an acid is the _____ of the acid. |
| Acidic anhydride | A(n) _______ is any oxide that produces an acid when dissolved in water. |
| Spectator ions | are those ions present in a solution but not involved in a reaction. |
| polyprotic acid | _________is an acid containing more than one ionizable hydrogen atom. |
| Indicator | A weak organic base or acid that has a different color than its conjugate acid or base is called a(n) ________. |
| pH scale | A simple acidity scale used to measure hydronium ion concentration is the ______. |
| Hydrolysis | When a salt reacts with water to produce an acidic or basic solution, the process is called ________. |
| Titration | ______ is the quantitative process wherein a standard solution is used to determine the concentration of another solution. |
| pH meter | Most chemists use a(n) _____ to determine a solution's acidity. |
| Substituent | A(n) _________, attached to the main chain of carbon atoms, is also called a branch. |
| Phenyls | Aromatic hydroxyl compounds exemplify the class called _______. |
| Aliphatic hydrocarbons | Hydrocarbons that do not contain benzene rings are called ______. |
| Branch | A(n) ______ substituted for a hydrogen atom on the parent chain is also called a radical. |
| Alcohols | In ________, which are neither acidic nor basic, the hydrogen atom is displaced only by active metals. |
| Amides | _______ are characterized by a carbonyl group and an amine group. |
| Homologous series | In a(n) _____ of compounds, the members differ from each other by a specific structural unit. |
| Alkane | A(n) _____ is a chain compound in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. |
| Unsaturated hydrocarbons | ______ are hydrocarbons containing multiple bonds. |
| Alkynes | Compounds with triple-bonded carbon atoms are called ________. |
| Saturated hydrocarbons | Alkanes are _____ because each carbon-carbon bond is a single bond. |
| Aromatic hydrocarbons | _______ contain one or more benzene rings and have rather distinctive odors. |
| Amines | _____ are organic bases in which a nitrogen atom is bonded to alkyl groups and hydrogen atoms. |
| Radicals | ______ are left when one hydrogen atoms, together with its associated electron, is removed from a hydrocarbon molecule. |
| Alkenes | Olefins, or _______, are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a double bond between carbon atoms. |
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