| Term | Definition |
|---|
| What was the form of government in Russia in 1917? | autocracy |
| What did autocracy mean? | It meant that the Tsar had absolute power |
| What kind of power did the Tsar have? | Absolute power |
| What did autocracy lead to? | The creation of many opposition groups in Russia |
| Which opposition group was the biggest and the most powerful? | The Socialists-Revolutionaries |
| Where were the Socialists-Revolutionaries strongest, and who gave them the most support? | The countryside, peasants |
| Which opposition group was to be the most significant? | The Bolsheviks |
| What group was the Bolsheviks part of? | The Social Democrats |
| The Bolsheviks was one part of the Social Democrats. What was the other part? | The Mensheviks |
| What kind of methods did the Tsar, the Socialists-Revolutionaries, and the Social Democrats (which was made up of the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks) use? | Violent methods |
| What had Tsars traditionally relied on to deal with opposition? | repression |
| What was the name of the Tsar's secret police? | Okhrana |
| What did the Tsar use to repress his opposition? | His secret police, the Okhrana |
| Who were street disturbances broken up by? | The Cossacks |
| Who were the Cossacks? | An elite group of the army who were excellent at fighting |
| The Tsar always relied on repression to deal with opposition. Why did the Tsar have no alternatives to this? | Because this had always worked in the past |
| The Tsar's method of relying on repression to deal with opposition had always worked in the past, and he had no alternatives. This meant that the opposition groups also tended to be what? | violent |
| In 1881, Nicholas's grandfather, Alexander II was killed. How was he killed? | By a bomb |
| What kind of person was Tsar Nicholas II? | He was weak and easily influenced by others. He was also not capable of acting sensibly. |
| Did Tsar Nicholas make good decisions? | Sometimes. However, even when he took the right decision, he changed his mind later on. |
| Even when Tsar Nicholas took the right decision, he changed his mind later on. Give an example of this. | After the 1905 Revolution. |
| Did Nicholas want to be Tsar? | No, but he felt he had to keep going to pass the throne on to his son. |
| When was the Duma set up? | In 1906 |
| Even after the setting up of the Duma in 1906, Nicholas II was very reluctant to allow it any real power. What did this mean? | This meant that it was impossible to bring about any changes in Russia without Nicholas agreeing to them. |
| What kind of country was Russia? | A very backward country. |
| What percentage of the population worked in industry? | Only 2% |
| What percentage of the population worked in agriculture? | 80% |
| What percentage of the population was illiterate in Russia? | 80% |
| What was the agriculture like in Russia? | Very primitive |
| What did Russians think of Western ideas? | Many Russians distrusted Western ideas and preferred to use old-fashioned methods |
| Was Russia a fair and equal society? Was Russia similar to other European countries? | No. In Russia there were extremes of wealth and poverty, far greater than in any other European country. |
| In Russia there were extremes of wealth and poverty. What were these made worse by? | They were made worse by big increases in the populations of the two main cities, St Petersberg and Moscow |
| What were the two main cities in Russia? | St Petersberg and Moscow |
| When did the number of people living in St Petersberg and Moscow nearly double? | Between 1880 and 1914 |
| The number of people living in the two main cities in Russia doubled between 1880 and 1914. What did this lead to? | This lead to overcrowding, shortages of food and unrest. |
| When the number of people living in the main cities nearly doubled and overcrowding, shortages of food and unrest occured, who took advantage of the situation? | The opposition groups in Russia |
| In 1917, events in where were all important? | Petrograd |
| The Tsar had absolute power. Give examples of the kind of things he could do. | He could make laws, appoint ministers and decide on all policies completely on his own |
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