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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Agrarian | People or societies that are farmers therefore promote agricultural interest ext. |
| Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. |
| Agricultural hearth areas | Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use for their own use. Carl Sauer points out vegetative planting and seed agriculture as the original forms. He also points out that vegetative planting likely was originated in SE Asia and seed agriculture originated in W. India, N. China and Ethiopia. |
| Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain. |
| Arable land | land that can be farmed upon |
| Biotechnology | Using living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops. |
| Norman Borlaug | Using green revolution methods, helped save over a billion people from hunger. |
| Boserup's thesis | Increase in population = increase in agriculture |
| Commercial agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. |
| Crop rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. |
| Dairying | The "farming" and sale/distribution of milk and milk products. |
| Debt-for-nature swap | When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources. |
| Desertification | The process of jungles, forests, and arable land being eroded by livestock and turning into desert |
| Double cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same land |
| Economic activity | Primary: Involves jobs like lumber and mining Secondary: Manufacturing products and assembling raw materials Tertiary: The service sector that provides us with transportation, communication and utilities Quaternary: Roles that involve leadership Quinary: CEOs and other governmental figures fit this category |
| Extensive subsistence agriculture | Shifting Cultivation: Use many fields for crop growing each field is used for a couple years then left fallow for a relatively long time. Nomadic herding/pastorilism:Based on herding domesticated animals - Effect the way that some in the world to live and were they fall in demographic transition |
| Feedlot | a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market |
| First agriculture revolution (Neolithic Revolution) | Humans first domesticated plants and animals around 8000 B.C. |
| Food chain | A series of organisms interrelated in their feeding habits, the smallest being fed upon by a larger one, which in turn feeds a still larger one, etc. |
| Globalized agriculture | Diffusion of agriculture across the globe. |
| Growing season | The time of year in which a crop may be grown |
| Hunting and gathering | A method of survival that consisted of hunting and picking your food. Used by less than 1% of the world today |
| Intensive subsistence agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasibly yield from a parcel of land. Popular in East, South, and Southeast Asia, because the ratio between farmers and arable land is so high, most of the work is done by the family by hand or by animal with processes refined over thousands of years. |
| Intertillage | Tillage between rows of crops |
| Irrigation | Artificial means of getting water to crops |
| Livestock ranching | commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Practiced is semi-arid or arid land, where vegetation is too sparse or the soil to too poor to support crops. Prominent in later 19th century in the American West; ranchers free roamed throughout the West, until the U.S. government began selling land to farmers who outlined their farms with barbed wire, forcing the ranchers to establish large ranches to allow their cattle to graze. |
| Local food production | Food produced locally |
| Luxury crops | Crops grown to make money |
| Market gardening | The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually |
| Mediterranean agriculture | Farming in the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea (Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia), also in lands with similar climates (California, central Chile, Southwestern South Africa, and Southwestern Australia). Sea winds provide moisture and moderate winter; land is hilly with mountains frequently plunging directly into sea. |
| Organic farming | Crops grown without pesticides, GMO's, or any other artificial products |
| Plantation agriculture | Agriculture, usually cash crops, grown on large plots of lands (plantation) |
| Renewable/nonrenewable resources | Renewable resources are resources that can be renewed over a realistic period of time. Nonrenewable resources cannot (for example, oil renews over millions of years, but not in a realistic time frame) |
| Rural settlement patterns (dispersed, nucleated, building materials, village forms) | Rural Settlement - Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. Live in villages, hamlets on farms, or in other isolated houses. Typically have an agricultural character, with an economy based on logging, mining, petroleum, natural gas or tourism. -Dispersed -Characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in the area. -Nucleated - a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings. -Building Material - houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area. |
| Second agricultural revolution | Precursor to Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, that allowed a shift in work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories. Started in United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Denmark, especially with the Enclosure Act, which consolidated land in Great Britain. Potatoes and corn diffused from America's to Europe, and other resources followed from colonial possessions to Europe. |
| Specialization | Third level of cities (behind World Cities, and Command and Control Centers), offer a narrow and highly specialized variety of services. Typically specialize in management, research and development of a specific industry (motor vehicles in Detroit), or are centers of government and education, notably state capitals that also have a major university (Albany, Lansing, Madison, or Raleigh-Durham). |
| Staple grains | Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South American, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions. |
| Suitcase farming | Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock. This practice lends itself well to the growth of wheat. Allows families to continue their long relationships with the ancestral farm, but still enjoy the benefits of waged incomes in urban environments. |
| Survey patterns | -Long Lots (French) - Houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access. -Metes and Bounds (English) - Uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define the boundaries of a particular piece of land. Metes refers to boundary defined by a measurement of a straight run, bounds refers to a more general boundary, such as a waterway, wall, public road, or existing building. Township-and-Range (U.S.A) - Survey's used west of Ohio, after the purchase of the Louisiana Purchase. Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). Ranges were then broken into smaller parcels to be sold or given to people to develop. |
| Sustainability | The ability for a crop to sustain itself |
| Third agricultural revolution | 'Green Revolution' Rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques between 1970's and 1980's, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. Has caused agricultural productivity at a global scale to increase faster than population growth. |
| "Tragedy of the commons" | social trap that involves a conflict over resources between interests and the common good. |
| Transhumance | pastoral practice of seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas. |
| Truck farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. Predominant in Southeastern U.S.A, because of the long growing season and humid climate, |
| Johann Von Thünen | Identifies a crop that can be sold for more than the land cost, distance of land to market is critical because the cost of transporting varies by crop. |
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