Honors Biology Chapter 10 Study Guide
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lizziegrife on February 16, 2012
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 bacteriophages | provided earliest evidence that genes are made of DNA |
| Frederick Griffith | "transmitting factor" |
| Hershey-Chase experiment | showed DNA is genetic material of a virus |
| DNA | has 4 kinds of nucleotides due to 4 kinds of nitrogenous bases |
| adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G) | 4 kinds of nitrogenous bases in DNA |
| pyrimidines | single-ring structures; nitrogenous bases, T and C |
| purines | double-ring structures; nitrogenous bases, A and G |
| pyrimidine; purine | purine is always with _____; pyrimidine is always with _____ |
| RNA | has OH group attached to the C |
| RNA | has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) |
| James Watson and Frances Crick | worked out 3D structure of DNA |
| double-helix (Two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other) | structure of DNA |
| hold strands together | hydrogen bonds between bases ... |
| a complementary partner | each base pairs with ... |
| DNA replication | starts with separation of DNA strands |
| DNA replication | enzymes use each strand as template to assemble new nucleotides into complementary strands |
| DNA replication | complicated process; some of the helical DNA must untwist |
| at specific sites on double helix | DNA replication begins ... |
| origins of replication | specific sites on double helix where DNA begins |
| opposite directions | each strand of double helix is oriented in ... |
| DNA polymerase | links nucleotides by adding 3' end |
| DNA polymerase | synthesizes one daughter strand as a continuous piece |
| DNA ligase | connects other strand of double helix |
| its sequence of DNA bases | an organism's genotype is carried in ... |
| transcribed; translated | DNA of a gene is ___ into RNA which is ___ into a polypeptide |
| making proteins | genes are codes for ... |
| ribosomes | protein synthesis takes place in ... |
| nucleus | DNA is stored in ... |
| mRNA, rRNA, tRNA | three types of RNA |
| triplets of bases--codons | "words" of the DNA "language" |
| codons | specify the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide |
| 20; 4 | there are __ amino acids and __ nucleotides |
| adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U) | nucleotides in RNA |
| methionine | start codon |
| in nucleus | Where does transcription occur? |
| transcription | DNA helix unzips and RNA nucleotides line up along one strand of DNA |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that links RNA nucleotides |
| initiation, elongation, termination | 3 steps of transcription |
| RNA splicing | unneeded parts of RNA are cut out |
| introns | noncoding segments on mRNA |
| exons | parts of a gene that are expressed |
| exons | joined together to form continuous coding sequence |
| in cytoplasm | Where does translation occur? |
| translation | ribosome attaches to mRNA and translates its message into a specific polypeptide aided by tRNA |
| tRNA | structure allows for picking up appropriate amino acid and recognizing appropriate codon |
| anticodon | a base triplet on one end of tRNA; complementary codon on mRNA; recognizes particular codon on mRNA |
| ribosome | coordinates functioning of mRNA and tRNA to make polypeptide |
| ribosome | consists of two subunits, each made of proteins and rRNA |
| ribosome subunits | hold tRNA and mRNA close together during translation |
| initiation, elongation, termination | 3 steps of translation |
| polypeptide initiation | mRNA, specific tRNA, and ribosome subunits assemble and determine where translation will begin |
| start codon | mRNA binds to small subunit and initiator tRNA binds to ... |
| codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation | 3 steps of elongation (translation) |
| tRNA | pairs with each codon, adding its amino acids to peptide chain |
| stop codon reaches A site | elongation continues until ... |
| mutations | any change in the DNA base sequence |
| causes of mutations | errors in DNA replication or recombination; mutagens |
| base substitutions, base insertions or deletions | two types of mutations |
| mutations | ultimate cause of diversity in living world |
| viruses | genes packed in protein |
| virus | must have host cell to replicate |
| lytic cycle | phage DNA enters bacterium and forms a circle; it is replicated, transcribed, and translated; new viral DNA and protein molecules assemble unto new phages, which burst from host cell |
| lysogenic cycle | phage DNA enters bacterium and forms a circle; phage inserts into host chromosome; DNA is passed on to generations of daughter cells when bacteria divides |
| flu viruses | have RNA, not DNA as genetic material |
| plant viruses | have RNA genomes; enter hosts via wounds in outer layers |
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