| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. |
| Protestan Reformation | result of King Henry VIII Broke w/ Roman Catholic church in 1530's; Catholics v.s. Protestants; Protestant eventually became dominate religion in England after Queen Elizabeth; Battles with Irish |
| 95 thesis | October 31, 1517. was nailed on the door of the church. It protested selling of undulgences. led to reform of church |
| pope leo x | Religious leader from the powerful Mecdici family |
| edict of worms | When Charles V exiled or outlawed Luther from The Holy Roman Empire or any of it's other lands. |
| peasants revolt | a series of uprisings by German peasants against their landowners. over 130,000 peasants were killed |
| Henry VIII | English king that left the catholic church and started the Church of England. He had 6 wives |
| Act of Supremecy | this law made the king the head of the church |
| Cathrine of Aragon | the first wife of King Henry VII. Has a daughter, Mary. aka Boody Mary. She is suppose to marry his older brother who dies before the wedding so she ends up marrying henry |
| Cosimo de Medici | Italian financier and statesman and friend of the papal court (1389-1464) |
| Urban Centers | center of learning in Renissance Italy |
| Renissance | The period of rebirth of learning in Europe between about 1300 and 1600 |
| Lorenzo de Medici | Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492) |
| Secular | worldly; not pertaining to church matters or religion; temporal |
| Patrons | People who supported artists and artwork in the renissance |
| Baldassare Castiglione | Autor of The Book of The Courtier. |
| The Courtier | by Baldassare Castiglione. They taught how to become a "Renaissance man"; A young man, said Castiglione, should be charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He should dance, sing, play music, and write poetry. Upper-class women also should know the classics and be charming. |
| Donatello | Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466) |
| Michelangelo Buonarroti | Florentine sculptor and painter and architect |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect |
| Raphael | Italian painter whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance (1483-1520) |
| Sonfonisba Anguissola | one of the few woman painters of the renissance |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | writer, historian, statesman, wrote The Prince |
| The Prince | book explaining how to gain power and maintain it. |
| Vittoria Colonna | Echanged sonnets with michaelangelo and helped Castiglione write the Courtier |
| Boccaccio | Italian poet (born in France) (1313-1375) |
| Albert Durer | Praying hands |
| Pieter Bruegel | Flemish, painted alot of peasants |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe. wrote The Praise of Folly |
| The Praise of Folly | erasmus' most famous book; ridiculed ignorance, superstition, and vice among christians |
| Sir Thomas Moore | Humainst. Beheaded by Henry VIII because he refused the Act of Supremecy. He wrote Utopia |
| Utopia | a book by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island |
| William Shakespear | English author who wrote sonnets, poetry, and 37 plays with beautiful language |
| Johann Gutenberg | developed Printing Press and printed the Bible...books became cheaper, easier to produce and more available.. |
| Theocracy | the belief in government by divine guidance |
| Presbyters | Elders of a community church, under John Knox's system. |
| Anabaptists | A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. |
| Marguerite of Navarre | sister of King Francis I, passed Protestant ideals to descendants and protected protestant priest |
| Jesuits | The Society of Jesus is a religious order of men within the Roman Catholic Church formed under the inspiration of Ignatius of Loyola |
| Pope Paul III | Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent. |
| Council of Trent | an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation |
| Index of Forbidden Books | A list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read. By Pope Paul III |
| Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428) |
| Caraval | small light ships that made travel much easier |
| Astrolabe | An instrument invented by Muslims that is used to determine direction by figuring out the position of the stars. |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince who thought that explorers could find a shortcut around Africa to Asia |
| Vasco de Gama | sailed from portugal and went to india and found a water route to asia |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492 and claimed the land he disovered for Spain. he is credited for the finding of America but he truthfully was not the first person to find it |
| Line of Demarcation | imaginarry north to south line runnig down the middle of the atlantic and granted spain the west of the line and portugal the east |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | agreement between spain and portugal to explore different lands |
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