| Term | Definition |
|---|
| German Social Democratic Party | controlling party in the Weimar Republic |
| war debts | prevalent in Germany due to war costs and reparation payments |
| November criminals | term coined by the likes of Hitler to identify those associated with signing the Versailles Treaty |
| Kellog-Briand Pact | 1928; rejected war as a way to solve international disputes |
| Franz von Papen | conservative who negotiated with Hindenburg to have Hitler appointed chancellor |
| Blackshirts | Mussolini's followers; essentially thugs |
| March on Rome | 1922; Mussolini's followers marched to Rome; helped orchestrate Mussolini's rise to power |
| Il Duce | "the dictator"/"the leader" |
| Lateran Accord | 1929; between Mussolini and the pope, it granted Vatican City sovereignty and gave Mussolini Catholic support |
| This group was persecuted during "Kristallnacht" | Jews* |
| beer hall putsch | 1923; challenge to the Weimar Republic orchestrated by Hitler |
| Paul von Hindenburg | President of the Weimar Republic; made Hitler chancellor |
| Reichstag fire | German parliament building burnt down the day before Hitler's elections |
| Third Reich | Germany under Hitler |
| Master Race | believed to be Aryan Germans by Hitler |
| anti-semitism | discrimination against Jews |
| Nuremberg laws | 1935; took away Jewish people's rights |
| Gestapo | secret Nazi police* |
| Brownshirts (SA) | Nazi secret police |
| SS | elite Nazi [military] force * |
| National Labor Front | replaced free trade unions in Nazi Germany |
| Kristallnacht | Means "the night of broken glass" |
| Enabling Act | provided Hitler with foundation upon which he could build his dictatorship |
| states formed after WW1 | Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia |
| characteristics of new states after WW1 | minorities, lack of large middle class, protective tariffs with negative results |
| ideals of Weimar Republic | women's suffrage, proportional representation, improved working conditions |
| Versailles Treaty | ended WW1; loss of German lands, war reparations, war guilt clause |
| Wall Street Crash | 1929* |
| causes of Wall Street Crash | overproduction, low wages, low consumer demand, unwise speculation on the stock market, heavy borrowing |
| *effects of Wall Street Crash | unemployment, devalued currency, protective tariffs and quotas, US denied Allies new loans |
| economic nationalism | each nations' search for security in a high unstable and changeable world economy |
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt | President of the US beginning in the era of the Great Depression |
| New Deal policies | expanded the role of government in economics usually only given in wartime |
| Sorel | influenced Mussolini |
| Nietzsche | influenced Mussolini |
| Mussolini's economic and political doctrines | rejection of liberalism, laissez-faire capitalism, socialism and communism; priority of the state |
| Chamber of Fasces and Corporations | replaced Italian parliament in 1938 |
| National Socialist German Workers Party | Nazi Party |
| General Ludendorff | WW1 military hero that supported Hitler and gave him celebrity appeal |
| dictator-led countries | Germany, Italy, Spain, Austria, Portugal, eastern Europe |
| Maginot Line | defensive French line |
| Rhineland | demilitarized industrial zone of Germany |
| Haile Selasse | emperor of Ethiopia forced into exile by Mussolini |
| Anschluss | Nazi takeover of Austria |
| General Franco | linked to victory in Spanish civil war |
| Sudeten Germans | lived in border between Germany and Czechoslovakia; annexed by Hitler in 1938 |
| Munich conference | appeasement allowed Hitler to annex Sudetenland |
| Nazi-Soviet Pact | alliance between Germany and Soviets that allowed Germany to fight a one-front war |
| blitzkrieg | German approach of quick, continual bombardment and victory |
| Lend-Lease | FDR program of assistance to the British (weapons, technology, etc.) |
| Stalingrad | aka St. Petersburg |
| Final Solution | Nazi policy to end Jewish race |
| Dresden | city in east Germany obliterated by Allied incendary bombs |
| Admiral Doenitz | German navy; Hitler's successor; signed peace agreements |
| Stauffenberg | leader of famous plot to assassinate Hitler |
| Auschwitz | famous Nazi concentration camp |
| Atlantic Charter | Roosevelt and Churchill: called for unconditional German surrender |
| Potsdam Conference | Stalin, Truman, Atlee re: Poland and German governments |
| United Nations | international body concerning resolution of conflicts and social/economic development |
| Churchill | British PM throughout WW2 |
| Beria | Stalin's close associate and Secret Policehead; executed after Stalin's death to prevent another dictatorship |
| Harry Truman | US President |
| Big Five | US, USSR, France, Great Britain, China |
| Federal Republic of Germany | western Germany |
| German Democratic Republic | eastern Germany |
| Gulag | labor camps in Russia under Stalin |
| Reichstag | Seated Germany's lower house of Parlimrent, it burned in 1933 and Hitler blamed it on the communist, this event led to Hitler becoming the absolute dictator in Germany. |
| Reichstag | the lower house of the Parliament during the period of the second Reich and the Welmar Republic |
| Reichstag | legislative branch of earlier german governments and the specific building where the legislature met |
| Lenin | Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924) Socialist who came to power and created the Bolshevik (Russia Communist) party. Along with Trotsky, he defeated the Whites in the Russian Civil |
| Lenin | died in 1924 and was succeeded by Stalin* |
| Lenin | founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924. |
| lenin | accused along with the Bolsheviks of attempting to overthrow the provisional government;Upon his return he seized power in Russia and promised peace. He eventually established a new communist government and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany and gave up eastern Poland, the Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic provinces. |
| Lenin | The leader of Russian during the Russian Revolution of 1917. He gave land to the poor and took from the rich and the church. He abolishes religion and dictatorships. |
| Stalin | Wanted a strong, communist Russia. Used Terror, secret police, initaited many 5 year plans. |
| Stalin | Who was the leader of the Soviet Union? |
| stalin | led Great Purge, known as man of steel, created Terror Famine, wanted to rewrite history |
| USSR | a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia |
| USSR | Hitler attacked USSR in 1941 |
| GREAT PURGE | 1937 THE CAMPAIGN OF TERROR DIRECTED AT ELIMINATING ANYONE WHO THREATENED STALIN'S POWER |
| Great Purge | Stalin used this to eliminate the Old Bolsheviks* |
| Great Purge | arrests & executions of over a million people by Stalin in the 1930's as an attempt to eliminate communisim & opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union. |
| Great Purge | The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union. |
| collective | set up on the principle of collectivism or ownership and production by the workers involved usually under the supervision of a government |
| collective | large farm leased from the state to groups of peasant farmers |
| victor emmanuel | King who appointed Mussolini Prime Minister* |
| Syndicates | This was created when Mussolini reorganized the Italian government to bring workers and employers together to help bring an end to the political quarreling that was goin on in the country. |
| Kristallnacht | The German name for the Night of broken glass. Hitler ordered an attack on the Jewish synagouges and buisnesses to see if anyone would react |
| Kristallnacht | "The night of broken glass". German destruction of Jewish shops, etc after a German officer was killed |
| Mein Kampf | Book written by Hitler while he was exiled, my struggle. |
| mein kampf | adolf hitlers autobiography the explained his political ideology of nazism |
| Mein Kampf | Book writen by Hitler where he outlines his beliefs: Germans are a superior race, The Treaty of Versailles treated Germany unfairly and that a crowed Germany needed the lands of Eastern Europe and Russia |
| Franklin Roosevelt | managed to pull Americans out of the Great Depression and lead them to victory in World War II |
| Franklin Roosevelt | New Deal; National Recovery Act; "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; |
| Franklin Roosevelt | Elected President of the US four times, FDR was President during WWII and led the Allied Forces to victory over Adolf Hitler and the Axis Powers |
| Trotsky | Ousted in 1923 for his opposition to the Russian communist leader Joseph Stalin |
| Trotsky | Russian Marxist |
| Lenin | founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924. |
| Lenin | uses "land, peace, bread!" to organize soviets and leads the bolshevik revo, overthrowing the provisional government, allows peasants to keep the land seized after March Revo and makes peace with Germany |
| communism | economic and political system in which the gov't controls the economy by owning its farms and businesses |
| Bolsheviks | Won Russian Civil War / Communist Revolution. |
| Bolsheviks | The "majority" – Communist party led by Lenin. Although they were not the majority and actually received a terrible percentage of the Russian Congress's vote, Lenin kept the name to create attraction and support. After the Russian Congress received the low voting, the Bolsheviks and Lenin took over and simply disregarded the Russian Congress from there on out. |
| Bolsheviks | Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 761) |
| Bolsheviks | Radicals in the Russian Revolution who favored a revolution instead of gradual change; led by Lenin |
| collectives | farms of common ownership |
| Kulaks | wealthy peasants who resisted Stalin's policies * |
| Great Purge | (1934), stalin cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, his net soon widened to target army heroes, industrial managers, writers and citizens, they were charged with a wide range of crimes, from plots to failure to not meeting production quotas |
| totalitarian state | a single party controls the goverment and every aspect of peoples lives. |
| der Fuhrer | Hitler's title as leader of Nazi Germany' |
| fascist | someone who advocates or supports a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized government headed by a dictator, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition |
| Hitler attacked this treaty | Versailles Treaty * |
| Roosevelt | American President who promoted "New Deal" policies |
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