Med Term Ch. 3 & Ch.4
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189 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 ankyl/o | crooked, bent, stiff (r) |
| arthr/o | joint (r) |
| chondr/o | cartilage (r) |
| cost/o | rib (r) |
| crani/o | skull (r) |
| -desis | Surgical fixation of bone or joint, to bind, tie together (s) |
| kyph/o | bent, hump (r) |
| lord/o | curve, swayback bent (r) |
| -lysis | breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening (s) |
| myel/o | spinal cord, bone marrow (r) |
| oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o | bone (r) |
| scoli/o | curved, bent (r) |
| spondyl/o | vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone (r) |
| synovi/o, synov/o | synovial membrane, synovial fluid (r) |
| -um | singular noun ending (s) |
| acetabulum | large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to for the hip joint (hip socket) |
| allogenic | originating within another |
| ankylosing spondylitis | a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae |
| arthrodesis | the surgical fusion (joining together) of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder (surgical ankylosis) |
| arthrolysis | the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint |
| arthroscopy | the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint |
| autologus | originating within an individual |
| chondroma | a slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells |
| chondromalacia | abnormal softening of cartilage |
| comminuted fracture | fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed |
| compression fracture | occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself (vertebral crush fracture) |
| costochondritis | inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum |
| craniostenosis | a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures |
| crepitation | (crepitus) the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together. also describes the crackling sound heard in the lungs affected with pneumonia and the clicking sound heard in the movements of some joints |
| dual x-ray absorptiometry | a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density |
| fibrous dysplasia | bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous (scar-like) tissue |
| hallux valgus | an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe (bunion) |
| hemarthrosis | blood within a joint |
| hemopoietic | pertaining to the formation of blood or blood cells |
| internal fixation | a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place, usually isn't removed after healing (open reduction internal fixation, ORIF) |
| juvenile rheumatoid arthritis | an autoimmune disorder that affects children aged 16 years or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue |
| kyphosis | an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side |
| laminectomy | the surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra |
| lordosis | an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback) |
| lumbago | pain of the lumbar region of the spine (low back pain) |
| malleolus | the rounded bony protuberance on each side of the ankle |
| manubrium | the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum |
| metacarpals | the 5 bones that form the palms of the hand |
| metatarsals | the 5 bones that form the part of the foot which the toes are attached |
| myeloma | a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow |
| open fracture | bone fracture in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin (compound fracture) |
| orthopedic surgeon | a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles (orthopedist) |
| orthotic | a mechanical applicance, such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function |
| osteitis | inflammation of bone |
| osteoarthritis | most commonly associated with aging (wear-and-tear arthritis) |
| osteochondroma | a benign bony projection covered with cartilage |
| osteoclasis | the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity |
| osteomalacia | abnormal softening of bones in adults (adult rickets) |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone |
| osteonecrosis | the death of bone tissue due to a lack of insufficient blood supply |
| osteopenia | thinner than average bone density in a young person |
| osteoporosis | a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging |
| osteoporotic hip fracture | usually caused by a weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall (broken hip) |
| osteorrhaphy | surgical suturing or wiring together of bones |
| Paget's disease | a bone disease of unknown cause, characterized by the excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation (osteitis deformans) |
| pathologic fracture | occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis |
| percutaneous vertebroplasty | performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures |
| periostitis | inflammation of the periosteum |
| podiatrist | holds a Doctor of Podiatry (PD) or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot |
| prosthesis | a substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated |
| rheumatoid arthritis | a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked (RA) |
| rickets | a deficiency disease occurring in children (infantile osteomalacia) |
| scoliosis | an abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine |
| spina bifida | a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it, some are caused by a lack of folic acid during the early stages of pregnancy |
| spiral fracture | a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart |
| spondylolisthesis | the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it |
| spondylosis | abnormal condition of the vertebra |
| subluxation | partial displacement of a bone from its joint |
| synovectomy | the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint |
| vertebrae | 26 small bones that make up your backbone |
| ligament/o | ligament |
| burs/o | bursa (r) |
| fasci/o | covers, supports, and separates muscles (r) |
| muscul/o, my/o, mycos/o | makes body movement possible, holds body erect, moves body fluids, and produces body heat (r) |
| bi- | twice, double, two (p) |
| -cele | hernia, tumor, swelling (s) |
| dys- | bad, difficult, painful (p) |
| fibr/o | fiber (r) |
| -ia | abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium (s) |
| -ic | pretaining to (s) |
| kines/o, kinesi/o | movement (r) |
| -plegia | paralysis, stroke (s) |
| -rrhexis | rupture (s) |
| tax/o | coordination, order (r) |
| ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | tendon, stretch out, extend, strain (r) |
| ton/o | tension, tone, stretching (r) |
| tri- | three (p) |
| abduction | moves away from the midline. during _______, the arm moves outward away from the side of the body |
| adduction | moves toward the midline. during _______, the arm moves inward toward the side of the body |
| adhesion | a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally, can form in muscles or in internal organs because of an injury or surgery |
| ataxia | the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement |
| atonic | lacking normal muscle tone or strength |
| atrophy | Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures |
| bradykinesia | extreme slowness in movement |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | a disorder caused by compression of a nerve in the carpal tunnel (where the nerve passes through the wrist) |
| chronic fatigue syndrome | a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems |
| circumduction | the circular movement of a limb at the far end |
| contracture | the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues |
| dorsiflexion | the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle |
| dyskinesia | the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as in a tic or spasm |
| dystaxia | mild form of ataxia, known as partial ataxia |
| dystonia | a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement |
| electomyography | diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation |
| electroneuromyography | a diagnostic procedure for testing and recording neuromuscular activity by the electric stimulation of the nerve trunk that carries fibers to and from the muscle, known as nerve conduction studies |
| epicondylitis | inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow |
| ergonomics | the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment |
| exercise physiologist | a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness |
| fasciitis | inflammation of the fascia, also spelled fascitis |
| fibromyalgia syndrome | a debilitating (condition causing weakness) chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse and or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms |
| ganglion cyst | a harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist |
| heel spur | a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia nears its attachment to the calcaneus bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis |
| hemiparesis | slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body |
| hemiplegia | total paralysis of one side of the body |
| hyperkinesia | abnormally increased muscle function or activity, known as hyperactivity, opp. of hypokinesia |
| hypertonia | condition of excessive tone of the skeletal muscles, opp. of hypotonia |
| hypokinesia | abnormally decreased muscle function or activity, opp. of hyperkinesia |
| hypotonia | condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles, opp. of hypertonia |
| impingement syndrome | occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint |
| intermittent claudication | pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and relieved by rest |
| muscular dystrophy | group of inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle weakness without affecting the nervous system |
| myasthenia gravis | a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles |
| myocele | herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it |
| myoclonus | sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles |
| myofascial release | a specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions |
| myolysis | degeneration of muscle tissue |
| myoparesis | weakness or slight muscular paralysis |
| myorrhaphy | surgical suturing of a muscle wound |
| myotonia | a neuromuscular disorder characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles after a voluntary contraction |
| nocturnal myoclonus | jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep |
| oblique | slanted or at an angle |
| paralysis | the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply |
| paraplegia | paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body |
| physiatrist | a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function |
| plantar fasciitis | an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot, causes foot or heel pain when walking or running |
| polymyositis | a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body |
| pronation | the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four extremeties |
| sarcopenia | the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging |
| shin splint | a painful condition caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia |
| singultus | myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm (hiccups) |
| spasmodic torticollis | a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side (wryneck) |
| sphincter | a ring-like muscle that constricts the opening of a passageway |
| sprain | injury to a joint that usually involves a stretched or torn ligament |
| tenodesis | surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone |
| tenodynia | pain in the tendon (tenalgia) |
| tenolysis | release of a tendon from adhesions (tendolysis) |
| tenorrhaphy | surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon |
| articular cartilage | covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints. makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other |
| red bone marrow | hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes. found within the spongy bone |
| spongy bone | lighter and not as strong as compact bone, commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones. red bone marrow is located inside of this |
| medullary cavity | located at the shaft of a long bone and is surrounded by compact bone |
| compact bone tissue | dense, hard and very strong bone that forms the protective layer of bones |
| endosteum | tissue that lines the medullary cavity |
| yellow bone marrow | functions as a fat storage area, composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity |
| periosteum | tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone |
| proximal epiphysis | the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body |
| diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| distal epiphysis | the end of the bone located farthest away from the midline |
| cartilage | smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones |
| meniscus | curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints |
| cervical vertebrae | the first set of seven vertebrae that form the neck; also known as C1 through C7 |
| thoracic vertebrae | the second set of 12 vertebrae; form the outward curve of the spine and are known as T1 through T12 |
| lumbar vertebrae | make up the third set of five vertebrae and form the inward curve of the lower spine, also known as L1 through L5, it's the largest and strongest of the vertebrae and bears most of the body's weight |
| sacrum | the slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back |
| coccyx | forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together (tailbone) |
| intervertebral disks | made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other |
| closed fracture | a fracture in which the bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin (simple fracture or complete fracture) |
| greenstick fracture | a fracture in which the bone is bent and only partially broken (incomplete fracture) |
| oblique fracture | fracture that occurs at an angle across the bone |
| stress fracture | fracture that is a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact |
| transverse fracture | fracture that occurs straight across the bone |
| embolus | any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel |
| flexion | decreases an angle (bending a joint). during _______, the knee or elbow is bent |
| extension | increases an angle (straightening a joint). during _______, the knee or elbow is straightened |
| elevation | raises a body part. during _______, the LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS raises the corner of the mouth in a smile |
| depression | lowers a body part during _______, the DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS lowers the corner of the mouth in a frown |
| rotation | turns a bone on its own axis |
| supination | turns the palm of the hand upward or forward |
| plantar flexion | bends the foot downward at the ankle |
| RICE | rest, ice or Ibuprofen, compression, elevation |
| strain | injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon (caused by overuse) |
| smooth muscle | muscle that is located in the wall of internal organs, function is to move and control the flow of fluids through the structures, involuntary, unstriated, visceral (relating to the internal organs) muscles |
| skeletal muscle | muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton, makes body motions possible, known as voluntary muscles, striated |
| myocardial muscle | muscle that is also known as myocardium or cardiac muscle, forms the muscular walls of the heart, striated, involuntary, the constant contraction and relaxation of this muscle causes the heartbeat |
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