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Kingdom Animalia Organisms in this kingdom are all multicellular, have cells without cell walls and are all heterotrophic Cambrian Geologic time period when most invertebrate animal phyla appeared on Earth; occurred approximately 540 million years ago Phylum Arthropoda Phylum that includes crabs, shrimp, sea spiders, etc Phylum Cnidaria Phylum that includes jellyfishes, corals, sea anemones, and hydroids Phylum Echinodermata Phylum that includes seastars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, and feather stars Phylum Molluska Phylum that includes clams, snails, nudibranchs, squids and octopuses Phylum Porifera Phylum that includes sponges Blastula A hollow sphere of cells formed during an early stage of embryonic development in animals. Gastrula The second stage in embryonic development in which the ectoderm, endoderm, and blastopore are established either by folding in of the blastula Protostome Animal whose blastopore becomes the mouth during development Deuterostome Animal whose blastopore becomes the anis during development (includes echinoderms and chordates) Dorsal Top or back of a bilateral animal Ventral Bottom or belly side of a bilateral animal Anterior Head region of a bilateral animal Posterior Tail region of a bilateral animal Choanocytes Flagellated cells within sponges that move water in and out of the animal Sponges Animal that lacks true tissue layers Class Calcarea Sponges with calcium spicules Class Hexactinellida Sponges with silica or glass spicules Class Desmospongiae Sponges with flexible sponging fibers Cnidocytes Stinging cells found only in cnidarians Polyp Sessile (nonmoving) body form of a cnidarian (anemone is an example) Medusa Motile (free moving) body form of a cnidarian (jellyfish is an example) Epidermis Outer tissue layer of a cnidarian Gastrodermis Inner tissue layer of a cnidarian Class Anthozoa Cnidarian class that includes sea anemones and corals Class Scyphozoa Cnidarian class that includes true jellyfish Class Hydrozoa Cnidarian class that includes hydroids Class Cubozoa Cnidarian class that includes box jellies Phylum Annelida Phylum that includes segmented worms Class Gastropoda Mollusk class that includes snails, slugs and nudibranchs Class Bivalvia Mollusk class that includes clams, oysters, and scallops Class Cephalopoda Mollusk class that includes squids and octopuses Class Polyplacophora Mollusk class that includes chitons Mantle Main body of a squid; responsible for making its shell (pen) Tentacles Two longer appendages of a squid Arms Eight shorter appendages of a squid Siphon Tube used by squids for jet propulsion Phylum Arthropoda Members of this animal phylum have segmented bodies, a chitinous exoskeleton, and jointed appendages Chitin Main component of the arthropod exoskeleton Molting Process where an arthropod sheds its exoskeleton in order to grow Uropod Tail fin of a crayfish Telson Middle part of a crayfish's tail Abdomen Muscular tail of a crayfish Carapace Shell that covers the body and head of a crayfish Subphylum Crustacea Arthropod subphylum that includes crabs, lobsters, and shrimp Ventral Nerve Cord Main feature of the arthropod nervous system Pentamerous Radial Symmetry Body symmetry exhibited by adult echinoderms Phylum Echinodermata Animal phylum that as the strongest ability to regenerate lost body parts Water Vascular System System of water filled canals used by echinoderms to move Class Asteroidea Echinoderm class that includes seastars Class Echinoidea Echinoderm class that includes sea urchins and sand dollars Class Holothuroidea Echinoderm class that includes sea cucumbers Class Crinoidea Echinoderm class that includes feather stars and sea lilies Class Ophiuroidea Echinoderm class that includes brittle stars Phylum Chordata Members of this animal phylum all possess a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord and pharyngeal gills slits at some point during their development Subphylum Urochordata Chordate subphylum that includes tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata Chordate subphylum that includes lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata Chordate subphylum that includes animals with a backbone