History and Systems Test one
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Created by:
witcherkd on February 18, 2012
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History and Systems, History and systems
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130 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Determinism | all behavior has causal explanations. |
| Biological determinism | emphasizes the importance of physiological conditions and/or genetic predispositions in explaining behavior |
| Environmental Determinism | emphasizes the importance of environmental stimuli as determinants of behavior. |
| Sociocultural determinism | emphasizes cultural or societal rules, regulations, customs, and beliefs that govern human behavior |
| Indeterminism | human behavior may be determined but the causes cannot be accurately measured |
| Nondeterminism | science is not a way to study humans;Humans behavior is freely chosen and self-generated |
| Hard determinism | Causes behavior in an automatic, mechanistic manner;Notion of personal responsibility is meaningless |
| Soft Determinism | Cognitive processes intervene between experience and production of behavior; a person is responsible for actions |
| subjective reality | how you experience the world |
| Phantom limb | feeling in a limb that isn't there |
| Led psychologist to study sensation and perception | American/French revolution soldier injuries |
| Thomas biscof | wanted to see if there were consciousness after beheading ,face twitching after beheading call name after beheading or let them smell something and no reaction. reflexes can still happen - muscles can contract from lack of water and oxygen, cuticle and tissues reseed, nails don't really grow. |
| Why Germany for Biscof's early work? | Germans defined science broadly history, literary criticism, linguistics, applied logic Germans wanted to apply scientific method to human behavior Reform movement in education ( you teach what ever you think is important in your discipline) |
| What were other European colleges teaching? | Most of europe you learned about religion and latin but not much of a liberal arts education church dictated what was taught |
| Charles Bell | Demonstrated that there are separate nerves for sensory and motor functions sensory neurons come in the back motor goes out the front |
| Magendie | Found similar results as Charles Bell thus the "bell-magendie" law |
| Bells paralysis | paralysis after a stroke |
| Johannes Muller | developed the doctrine of specific nerve energies First experimental philology wrote handbook of human philology |
| Doctrine of specific nerve energies | each nerve responds in its own characteristic way regardless of the stimulation that activated it. |
| Helmholtz | Materialist -Life can be explained in chemical and physical processes, Speed of nerve conduction 165-330 feet per second. theory of color vision, Resonance place theory of auditory perception - interpret sound at a pitch based on where it is vibrating on the membrane very little practical application |
| Christine Ladd Franklin | Evolutionary theory of color vision black and white- blue and yellow - red and green her research "fell into neglect" because she was a woman |
| Franz Josef Gall personal life | began studying for the priesthood and could not do it, he became a surgeon and anatomist he was excommunicated because his work was ungodly, had several wives supported many households, church not super on board |
| Phrenology | Human "faculties" can be identified and located in specific parts of the brain |
| Francis Galton | began testing human for psychological traits and intelligence Loved to measure everything How a man who had a job that didn't pay have some many interest. cousin to charles darwin- independently wealthy educated at home - self guided schooling mapped most of Africa wrote some of the first travel guides first systematic weather maps Basis for current meteorology all precise measurement Interested in individual differences fingerprints quantifying traits Believed there must be an evolutionary reason that people are better than other people survival value in intelligence which would put you at the top and passing those traits to children would keep you at the top. Good to marry your daughter off to someone with money and title he studied people who were famous for talent and studied their ancestry concluded traits must be heritable |
| Methodologies created by Galton | Survey method, twin studies |
| Galton | Figured out that not all twins are identical |
| Hereditary Genius | Book galton wrote "i propose to show in this book that a man's natural abilities are derived by inheritance" |
| Eugenics | the use of selective breeding to increase the general intelligence of the population( galton) |
| Positive Eugenics | encourage people who have intelligence to marry each other have produce offspring. will end up with super race of British people who are white and rich and titled. (galton) |
| Negative eugenics | prevent people with undesirable traits from reproducing (galton) |
| Eugenics ideas | if you are poor you are not smart immigration diluted to breeding stock didn't want Italians to marry british but Scandinavians could the whiter you were the purer the darker the worst the whiter the better similar to dog breeding |
| E-Harmony | Quantifying traits to determine who they should marry, eugenics used this so do modern dating sites |
| Anthropometric Lab | Galton's human testing lab 1884 |
| Health Fare | People paid for Galton to measure them (10000 people) |
| Galton whistle | a dog whistle galton invented to determine what pitch each animal could hear |
| Who invented the correlation | Galton |
| Hermann Ebbinghaus | Tested children for mental fatigue and did not find any but did see a difference between weak students and strong students- beginning of educational testing |
| Alfred Binet | Asked to develop test to determine which students needed to be in special ed Developed test using "mental age" If your actual age was 2 years below your mental age you should be in special ed. |
| Binet's categories of children | Idiots - severely handicapped Imbeciles- could someone take care of themselves Debiles -weak students ( taught some kind of skill, could be put in slowed down classes) |
| Karl Popper | Scientific method guy; principle of falsifiability |
| Kuhn | Paradigm challenged the normal science and created the next set of test that created the next normal science. its a process |
| Stages of scientific development; Kuhn | 1. Prepardigmatic stage: prior to the development of a paradigm a number of competing viewpoints exist. 2. paradigmatic stage: the puzzle solving activity called normal science occurs. 3. revolutionary stage: the existing paradigm is replaced by a new one. |
| Theories of how are the mind and body related | 1. materialists/monists: mental events are ultimately explained by the laws of physics or chemistry 2. idealists: explain everything in terms of consciences. 3. Dualist: there are both physical and mental events. This is where the question of the mind body relationship comes up. |
| Descartes | dualist, first to say, pineal gland controlled the body "I think therefore I am" |
| Nativism Vs Empiricism | Nativism- origins of our attributes Empiricism- based on experience |
| Mechanism vs. Vitalism | Mechanism: the behavior of all organisms can be explained in the same way that the behavior of a machine. Vitalism: life can never be completely reduced to material/mechanical laws. Living things contains vital force. |
| Helmhotz | Materialist |
| Rationalism Vs irrationalism | Rationalism: emphasizes the importance of logical, systematic and intelligent thought processes. (intellect better then emotions) Irrationalism: explanation that emphasizes unconscious determinant. (if true causes of behavior are unconscious they cannot be pondered rationally) |
| Naïve realism | the belief that what one experiences mentally is the same as what is present physically |
| Fechner | Nightview/Dayview - Materialism/ vitialism He is a vitilism - the good and consciousness Nightview- the cold sad part- materialism all physical things are conscious Published as Dr. Misees- about day view and vitialism interested in psycho physics- like weber work Created Webers law Everyone has different perceptions |
| Weber | Did two point threshold work, the Just noticeable difference |
| Wrote the elements of psychophysics 1860 | Fechner, considered the first experimental psych book and psycho-physics |
| Wundt | Had the first psych lab, established psychology as a separate science |
| University of Leipzig | Fechner (16) studied with Weber here Fechner got med degree here |
| Psychophysics | the study of the relationship between pysical and psychological events |
| Absolute thresehold | the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected |
| Differential threshold | How much a stimlus magnitude needs to be increase in order to be notices |
| Fechner created what? | Psychophyicis and experimental asethics |
| Studied after images and became blind because he stared at the sun | Fechner |
| Bessel | showed that the observer influences observations which fueled interest in the discrepancies between objective and subjective realities. |
| Descartes thought about nerves | thought that a nerve consisted of fibers that connected sense receptors to the brain. These were hollow tubes that transmitted "animal Spirits" from the brain to the muscles |
| Hartley thought about nerves | nerves were the means by which vibrations were conducted from the sense receptors to the brain and from the brain to the muscles |
| Adequate stimulation | each of the five types of sense organ is maximally sensitive to a certain type of stimulation (muller) |
| Muller was a | Vitialist -energies |
| First institute for experimental physiology was created by | Muller |
| Young-Helmotz theory of color vision | three colors have separate receptors on the eye the combo of each make new colors -Trichromatic theory of color vision |
| Herring theory of color vision | 3 types of receptors but each could respond 2 different ways "red-green" "white-black" "yellow blue" |
| Gall's claim | 1. the mental faulties do not exist to the same extent in all humans 2. the faculties are house in specific areas of the brain 3. if a faculty is well developed a person would have a bump or protrusion on the corresponding part of the skull, visa versa. |
| first to distinguish the functions of white and grey matter of the brain | Gall |
| Flourens | -Wanted to scientifically prove that phrenology was a croc. -after studying the brain concluded that there was some localization but that contrary to what the phrenologists believed, the cortical hemispheres do not have localized functions. Instead the functions unit. -at least one part of the brain had the capacity to take over the function of another. |
| found contra-lateral function | Gall |
| One of the first to think the brain was the seat of intellect and emotion | Gall |
| Wanted to prove women were inferior to to men but was SURPRISED when he didn't find their brains didn't look different Expected their brains to be soft and look like monkey brains | Gall |
| Method of ablation | Cutting out parts of the brain to figure out what they did (florens) |
| Herring | Theory of color vision- each receptor could respond in two different ways |
| Florens- | Found that the brain worked together: Support wholism ///against phrenology |
| Clincal Method by broca | first determining a behavior disorder in a living patient and then after the patient had died location the part of the brain responsible for the behavior |
| Broca | Studied "Tan" and found the area that made language |
| Wernike | Found the area that comprehended language |
| Ferrier | Mapped the motor cortex |
| Fritsch and hitzig | found When certain areas are simulated motor movement in the opposite side of the body, Found this by poking at dogs and monkey brains, evidence for localization of functions |
| Wundt | sought to explain conscious experience in terms of unobservable cognitive processes. |
| Lewis Terman | created the Stanford-Binet test Developed best known IQ test (coined term "intelligence quotient") Genetic studies of genius: mental and physical traits of a thousand gifted children |
| Society thought about gifted kids | Thought intelligent kids were socially troubled or could "burn through" their intelligence dating manuals told girls to steer clear of smart boys they will beat you |
| Terman found | just as likely to have Stable marriages, children socially adept, as control women tended have more dissatisfaction with their careers than a control group because there were not the same career opportunities Gifted children did not "burn out" |
| Terman's termites had a _____ response rate | 93% response rate |
| Developed Test for army recruits | Yerkes |
| Army beta test | for illiterate soldiers |
| Army Alpha test | for literate soldiers |
| Yerkes | Was drafted in the army to make tests |
| Yerkes primate Center | animal behavior center at yale got the funding from yale but went to florida |
| Functionalism | is this useful? |
| First guy to self-identify as a psychologist | William james |
| James | Anti-materialism |
| Came up with introspection | James |
| Wrote Principles of psychology | James/Alice |
| The Jimmy | The shorter version of "principles of psychology" |
| Went to med school but hated sick people | James |
| Comparative method | Comparing normal human consciousness to animals infants, criminals, savages, idiots, eccentrics. |
| Functionalism | functionalism: concern for practicality, emphasis on the individual, and evolutionary theory. |
| Titchener | Thought psychology should be a pure science, developed structuralism, not interested in meaningful experiences. Studied with Wundt. Both believed that psychology should study immediate experience. Structuralism died with him |
| Structuralism | the study of the structure of the mind/refused practical knowledge |
| Started the "experimentalist" the group | Titchener |
| more women completed their Ph.D under him than any other men during this time | Titchener |
| Brentano | Believed that mental processes(judging, recalling,expecting,loving) should be aimed at performing some function |
| Act psychology | every mental act refers to something outside itself (brentano) |
| Phenomenological introspection | Introspective analysis directed towards intact meaningful experiences |
| Was Brentano's student | Freud |
| Volunteerism | Wundt's approach to psychology emphasis on will choice and purpose, Believed people decided what to give attention to and to what is precieved clearly |
| legna | angel backwards |
| Stetter hollingworth | Applied to graduate school in NY after she wasn't allowed to be a teacher because she was a women, Interested in gifted children and developed curiculum for gifted children. Wanted to prove women were equal to men, "woman have not had the opportunity to excel because of the burden of child bearing and rearing" |
| Mamie Phipps Clark | A black women who was from an affluent family in Hot Springs AR. Wasn't allowed to study math and physics so studied psychology instead. Developed the doll test used in brown v. board of education Started "north side center for child development" social services, education, testing, and psychological services |
| Conscious inference | Helmholtz notion that perceptions are transformed from sensations after past experience has given the sensations meaning |
| G. stanley Hall | first pres. of clark Uni, first pres of APA taught at Harvard and John Hopkins Uni pioneer of developmental psychology Wrote the "contents of children minds" |
| Stages of psychology in American | Moral and mental philosophy Intellectual philosophy the us renaissance U.S. Functionalism |
| U.S. Functionalism | concern for practicality, emphasis on the individual, and evolutionary theory. -began with the principles of Psychology -the assumptions concerning the mind were derived from evolutionary theory, the goal was to understand how the mind and behavior work in aiding an organism's adjustment to the environment, and research tools include anything that was informative—including the use of introspection, the study of animal behavior, and the study of the mentally ill. |
| the us renaissance | psychology was completely emancipated from religion and philosophy and became an empirical science. -it was in this stage that Titchener began his influential structuralist program at Cornell which successfully competed with functionalism for several years. |
| Intellectual philosophy | -The Scottish philosophers also maintained that self-examination or introspection, yields valid info and that morality is based on self-evident intuitions. -the strong influence of the Scottish commonsense philosophy, as well as the emphasis on the individual that was later to characterize modern us psych |
| Moral and mental philosophy | During this time psyc concerned matters of the soul, psyc existed for the sake of logic, and logic of or the sake of god |
| Mary whiton Calkins | Went to smith college, sat on in Jame's lectures at Harvard, conducted dream research with E. Sanford |
| Thought dreams were a reproduction of events during the day | Mary Whiton Calkins |
| First woman President of APA | Mary Whiton Calkins |
| Developed system of Self-psychology | Mary Whiton Calkins |
| Major contributions to psychology: -Self-psychology which led to personality theory -the conscious self is the central fact of psychology | Mary Whiton Calkins |
| Formal discipline (gall) | education can be arranged to strengthen certain faculties |
| Ebbinghouse | biggest contribution was in the field of memory - his first work was "unmemory and investigation of experimental psych. First retention curve- important for education first to study learning and memory experimentally |
| Stumph | Clever hans |
| Husserl | Pure phenomenology Psychology should not be an experimental science dont use scientific methods We need to know the essences of things |
| Kulpe | Some thoughts are imageless //against Wundt |
| lemark | Cutting mouses tails and thought the next generation would have no tails but was wrong |
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