| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Queen Isabella | queen of spain who believed it was a christians duty to convert as many people as possible to win favor with God |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | A Portuguese prince, wanted to find direct sea root to the east = break up Italian trade monopoly with asia; setup school for navigators-built improved ships, learned about new navigation tools (compass and atrolable) and methods, developed maps and charts |
| Amerigo Vespucci | America was named after him by Martin Waldseemuller who read his letters and developed a map from them |
| Hornado Cortes | smashed Aztec empire, killed Montezuma (Aztec ruler), built new capital of New Spain, Mexico City on remains of the old Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan |
| Francisco Pizarro | destroyed Incan Empire in South America |
| Panfilo de Narvaez, Hernado de Soto*, Francisco Vasquez de Cornado* | searched for gold north of Mexico but was unsuccessful-lots was learned on these expeditions, *died there |
| Ponce de Leon | found Florida and named it Pascua Florida which is Spanish for "Easter" |
| John Cabot and Sebastian Cabot (son) | Two Italian explorers who gave England it's first claim to the New World: Nova Scotia and New England |
| Giovanni da Verra(italian) and Jacques Cartier (french) | two explorers who gave france its claims in north america |
| Francis Drake | pirate supported by Queen Elizabeth I; took treasures from spanish trips; sailed around the world; was knighted |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | tried three settlements in Virginia (named for the queen) on roanoke; last settlement disappeared in the absence of John White |
| bartolome de las casas | priest who protested harsh treament of indians |
| Samuel de Champlain | accomplised the first french settlement=Quebec; explored through New York state, discovered lake champlain,sided against league of the iroquois=league always against the french; wanted to control fur trade, find water route, convert people |
| father jacques marquette and louis joliet | found mississippi river |
| robert de la salle | laid claim for france for the mississippi river and all water ways flowing to it and all the land surrounding it; named louisiana after king louis XIV |
| henry hudson | searching for the northwest passage but found a huge river for which he's named for |
| john smith | one of the seven leaders of jamestown who single-handedly saved it |
| powhatan and pocahontas | chief and daughter; chief was going to have john smith killed but was asked to stop by his daughter |
| Charles I | dismissed parliament; was beheaded by puritan radical leader, oliver cromwell |
| william bradford | led english pilgrims to holland in search for religious freedom |
| ann hutchinson | held sunday afternoon discussion groups criticizing the puritan way of life and church |
| roger williams | said the puritans stole from their land from the indians; believed church and state should never be joined; began own colony of tolerance in providence, rhode island |
| john winthrop | mass. bay company leader;wanted colony to be a model untopia for all; went to purify |
| edmund ambros | governor of the dominion (new england basically); established the church of england in the bay colony; was imprisoned when james II fled |
| peter stuyvesant | handed over new amsterdam (new york) to the enlgish b/c its citizens wouldn't fight b/c they didn't care since they didn't rule themselves |
| william penn | received land in america from Charles II b/c of owed debt; pennsylvania-religious freedom/mostly quakers |
| sir george calvert | received land from charles II; founded maryland for catholics |
| cecil calvert | offered land in maryland to those who would come;issued the toleration act to protect the catholic minority |
| general james oglethorpe | founded georgia for the poor/criminals of england |
| eliza pickney | perfected the process of growing indigo and producing the dye from the fresh-cut plants |
| paul cuffe | free black sea captain; became wealthy merchant; finaced schools for blacks; helped blacks in society |
| phillis wheatley | formerly a boston slave became a distinguised poet |
| benjamin banneker | free black who was a noted astronomer, mathematician, and surveyor-helpful skills |
| george whitefield | methodist evangelical minister;message was that God saves all |
| john edwards | minister:"sinners in the hands of an angry God" |
| john locke | spokesman for the idea of social contract:inalienable right; in his trestie on civil government: 1.rep. assembly determine taxes,2. rep assembly must control military,3. right to trial by jury |
| metacomet | king philip, leader of wampanoags lead attack on plymouth |
| nathaniel bacon | leader of bacons rebellion becasue of unfare taxing and support/assistance to the farmers of the back country |
| george III | had mental illnesses, bought out parliament for his support |
| pontiac | an ottawa leader, formed alliance with members of other nations (delaware, miama, shawnee,potawatomi,chippewa) to keep colonial settlers from taking more land |
| samuel adams | boston radical; believed england had grown too corrupt to govern the empire well and parliament lacked resepct for the colonist's rights and liberties |
| john dickinson | wrote "letters from a farmer in pennsylvania" asking for a repeal of the townsend act and for parliament to stay out of american daily affairs (taxes); proposed the articles of the articles of the confederation |
| george washington | named commander-in-chief by continental congress |
| thomas paine | wrote "common sense" which was directed at loyalists;shocked the nation |
| thomas jefferson | wrote declaration of independence |
| benedict arnold | saved upstate new york b/c he delayed carelton at valcour island enough that carelton abandoned his plan to take new york b/c of winter; took fort ticonderoga from the british with the help of ethan allen and the green mountain boys |
| general william howe | british general who was in battle many times with washington for new york; he often delayed which often lead to many set backs for the british |
| general john burgoyne | british general; setup plan to isolate new england; recaptured fort ticonderoga; surrendered to the americans |
| general horatio gates | american general; held burgoyne at standstill and had him surrender |
| molly pitcher | helped out in american army camps; did chores such as carry water in pitchers |
| deborah sampson | disguised herself as a soldier under washington but was discharged when her real sex was discovered when she was stircken in an epidemic |
| john paul jones | a privateer who made the british ship "serapis" surrender |
| george rogers clark | sailed down the ohio river in hopes of capturing the ohio valley; they succeeded and also took kentucky; the brits later took control again except for kentucky |
| marquis de lafayette | frenchman who helped washington capture yorktown; cornwallis surrendered at yorktown |
| john jay | new york lawyer who was a delegate for the u.s. for the peace treaty(treaty of paris of 1793) between america and britain |
| john adams | another deleagate of the treaty of paris of 1793; |
| james madison | took notes of each days debate for the constitution convention |
| thomas jefferson | secretary of state for george washington |
| alexander hamilton | secretary of the treasury for george washington |
| citizen edmound genet | the french minister to the united states who began recruting men from south carolina for france |
| john marrshall | appointed as chief justice by john adams; would shape an understanding of the constitution, ensure federalist's perspectives economics and politics would out last the party itself, would assert authority by his opinions, established that supreme court could reverse decisions of a state court and rule out any state law it found unconstitutional |
| napolean bonaparte | frebch dictator who tricked us by allowing our neutral rights but hijacking our ships so we would reopen up trade with france; sold us the lousiana purchase |
| general toussaint l'ouverture | general of the caribbean who defeated napolean's efforts to reconquer the caribbean |
| lewis and clark | explorers of the louisiana purchase hired by jefferson |
| sacajawea | led lewis and clark across the continental divide to the pacific ocean |
| zebulon pike | learned much of the mississppi river, found the colorado mountain now called pikes peak |
| tecumseh | led indian uprising in the northwest to create a seperate independent indian nation but was defeated |
| william henry harrison | led troops agaisnt the indian uprising in the northwest, founght in many other indian wars giviing him fame and glory which led him to the white house 30 years later; known as "old tippecanoe", 9th President of the United States; whig party |
| oliver hazard perry | was overseeing shipbuilding by lake erie when bristish came and attacked them in hopes of guarding lake erie; american victory with much blood shed (three hour battle) |
| andrew jackson | 7th president, battle of New Orleans hero |
| james monroe | 5th President of the U.S. 1817-1825 acquired Florida from Spain; declared Monroe Doctrine to keep foreign powers out. |
| henry clay | chief supporter in the american system, named for a development program that combined protective tariffs with federal funds for internal improvements:highways and canals; supporter of reestablishing the bank of america; secretary of state under john quincy adams |
| john c. calhoun | similar to henrey clay; leading defender of states' rights; supporter of reestablishing the bank of america; jackson's vice president-strong voive for the south's rights |
| john quincy adams | Monroe's secretary who was chosen by New England to replace James Monroe as president: 6th president of the United States 1825-1829 |
| martin van buren | mastermind behind the coalition between the west and th south which isolated new england, president, 8th President of the United States (1782-1862) |
| chief osceola | fought a war against the United States Army in an effort to protect his land and people; was captured by americans on his way to a peace talk |
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