Chapter 5 - Cardiovascular System
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cindymzapata on February 18, 2012
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Exam 3
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132 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cardiovascular System | Consists of the heart and blood vessels which work together to transport blood throughout the body |
| heart | muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body |
| heart: four chambers | right and left atrium (upper chambers) and right and left ventricle (lower chambers) |
| heart: divided into two right and left portions | interatrial septum and interventricular septum |
| Heart valves | open and close to maintain the one-way flow of blood through the heart |
| heart: three layers | endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium |
| endocardium | lines the interior cavities of the heart |
| myocardium | the thick, muscular layer |
| epicardium | outer membrane |
| Order of blood transportation Step 1: Blood first enters | deoxygenated blood from the body enters the heart through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava into the right atrium |
| Order of blood transportation Step 2: | during atrial contraction the tricuspid valve opens to allow blood to flow into the right ventricle |
| Order of blood transportation Step 3: | contraction of the ventricle pushes blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery |
| Order of blood transportation Step 4: | pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs and through the pulmonary circulation where it is oxygenated |
| Order of blood transportation Step 5: | oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium |
| Order of blood transportation Step 6 | with atrial contraction, the mitral valve opens to allow blood to flow into the left ventricle |
| Order of blood transportation Step 7 | contraction of the left ventricle pushes blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and on to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation |
| Order of blood transportation Step 8 (Final) | the heart is the first to receive oxygenated blood via the right and left coronary arteries, which distribute blood throughout the entire heart |
| Combining Forms | consist of roots plus a vowel, usually the letter "o", separated from the root with a slash mark: gastr/o, enter/o, *cardi/o |
| angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o | vessel |
| aort/o | aorta |
| arteri/o | artery |
| ather/o | fatty (lipid) paste |
| atri/o | atrium |
| cardi/o | heart |
| coron/o | circle or crown |
| my/o | muscle |
| pector/o, steth/o | chest |
| sphygm/o | pulse |
| thromb/o | clot |
| ven/o, phleb/o | vein |
| varic/o | swollen, twisted vein |
| ventricul/o | ventricle (belly or pouch) |
| Anatomic Terms | ... |
| Septa and Layers of the Heart | atrium, endocardium, epicardium, interatrial septum, interventricular septum, myocardium, percardium, and ventricle |
| atrium | upper right or left chamber of the heart |
| endocardium | membrane lining the cavities of the heart |
| epicardium | membrane forming the outer layer of the heart |
| interatrial septum | partition between the right and left atria |
| interventricular septum | partition between the right and left ventricles |
| myocardium | heart muscle |
| pericardium | protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between 1. visceral pericardium 2. parietal pericardium 3. pericardial cavity |
| visceral pericardium | layer closest to the heart (visceral = pertaining to organ) |
| parietal pericardium | outer layer (parietal = pertaining to wall) |
| pericardial cavity | fluid-filled cavity between the pericardial layers |
| ventricle | lower right or left chamber of the heart |
| Valves of the heart | heart valves, aortic valve, mitral valve, bicuspid valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, tricuspid valve, valves of the veins |
| heart valves | structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood |
| aortic valve | heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta |
| mitral valve and bicuspid valve | heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle (cuspis = point) |
| pulmonary semilunar valve | heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery (luna = moon) |
| tricuspid valve | valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
| valves of the veins | valves located at intervals within the lining of veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart |
| Blood Vessels | arteries, aorta, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| arteries | vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles |
| aorta | large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle |
| arterioles | small vessels that receive blood from the arteries |
| capillaries | tiny vessels join arterioles and venules |
| venules | small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins |
| veins | vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules |
| Circulation | systemic, coronary, pulmonary circulation |
| systemic circulation | circulation of blood throughout the body via arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues |
| coronary circulation | circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue |
| pulmonary circulation | circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases |
| Blood Pressure Terms | ... |
| diastole | to expand; period during the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria |
| systole | to contract; period during the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected though the aorta and the pulmonary artery |
| normotension | normal blood pressure |
| hypotension | low blood pressure |
| hypertension (HTN) | high blood pressure |
| Cardiac Conduction Terms | ... |
| sinoatrial (SA) node | the peacemaker; highly specialized, neurological tissue impeded in the wall of the right atrium; responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing of impulses to the AV node |
| atrioventricular (AV) node | neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His |
| bundle of His | neurological fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers |
| Purkinje Fibers/Purkinje Network | fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract |
| polarization | resting; resting state of the myocardial cell |
| depolarization | change of a myocardial cell from a polarized state to a state of contraction (de = not; polarization = resting) |
| repolarization | recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state (re = again) |
| normal sinus rhythm (NSR) | regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (average rate of 60-100 beats/minute) |
| Symptomatic Terms | ... |
| aneurysm | a widening; a bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by a congential defect or acquired weakness 1. saccular aneurysm 2. fusiform aneurysm 3. dissecting aneurysm |
| saccular aneurysm | a sac-like bulge on one side |
| fusiform aneurysm | a spindle-shaped bulge |
| dissecting aneurysm | a spilt or tear of the vessel wall |
| angina pectoris | chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle; often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries (angina = to choke) |
| arteriosclerosis | thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of arterial walls -atheromatous plaque |
| atheromatous plaque | a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat (lipids) |
| claudication | to limp; pain in the limb (especially the calf) while walking the subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply |
| constriction | compression of a part that causes narrowing (stenosis) |
| diaphoresis | profuse sweating (perspiration) |
| embolus | a clot (e.g. air, fat, or a foreign object) carried in the bloodstream that obstructs the flow of blood when it lodges (embolus = a stopper) |
| heart murmur | an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves |
| infarct | to stuff; a localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death) caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel |
| ischemia | to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of blood vessels -perfusion deficit |
| perfusion deficit | lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc. |
| occlusion | plugging; an obstruction or a closing off |
| palpitation | subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats |
| stenosis | condition of narrowing of a part |
| thrombus | a stationary blood clot |
| vegetation | to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally as a result of infection |
| Diagnostic Terms | ... |
| Related to the Heart and Arteries | acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmia, dysrhythmia, bacterial endocarditis, cardiac tamponade, cardiomyopathy, congenital anomaly of the heart, congestive heart failure, left ventricular failure, cor pulmonale, right ventricular failure, coronary artery disease, hypertension, mitral valve prolapse, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, pericarditis, rheumatic heart disease, sudden cardiac arrest |
| acute coronary syndrome (ACS) | signs and symptoms indicating an active process of atherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of a thrombus, or spasm within a coronary artery, causing a reduction or loss of blood flow to myocardial tissue; includes unstable angina and other pathological events leading to myocardial infarction (MI); early diagnosis and rapid treatment are critical to avoid or minimize damage to heart muscle |
| arrhythmia/dysrhythmia | any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat 1. bradycardia 2. fibrillation 3. premature ventricular contraction (PVC) 4. tachycardia |
| bradycardia | slow heart rate (less than 60 beats/minute) |
| fibrillation | chaotic; irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation |
| premature ventricular contraction (PVC) | a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node (peacemaker) |
| tachycardia | fast heart rate (greater than 100 beats/minute) |
| bacterial endocarditis | a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves |
| cardia tamponade | compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart (tampon = a plug) |
| cardiomyopathy | a general term for disease of the heart muscle, such as alcoholic cardiomyopathy (damage to the heart muscle caused by excessive consumption of alcohol) |
| congenital anomaly of the heart | malformations of the heart that are present at birth (congenital = born with; anomaly = irregularity) 1. atrial septal defect 2. coarctation of the aorta 3. patent ductus arteriosus 4. ventricular septal defect |
| atrial septal defect (ASD) | an opening in the septum separating the atria |
| coarctation of the aorta | narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body |
| patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth (patent = open) |
| ventricular septal defect (VSD) | an opening in the septum separating the ventricles |
| congestive heart failure (CHF)/left ventricular failure | failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a "bottleneck" of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body |
| cor pulmonale/right ventricular failure | enlargement of the right ventricle, resulting from chronic disease within the lungs, that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs (cor = heart) |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | a condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis |
| hypertension (HTN) | persistently high blood pressure 1. essential hypertension 2. primary hypertension 3. secondary hypertension |
| essential hypertension | high blood pressure attributed to no single cause; risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors |
| secondary hypertension | high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease (e.g. kidney disease) |
| mitral valve prolapse (MVP) | protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | heart attack; death of myocardial tissue (infarction) caused ischemia (loss of blood flow) as a result of an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery; usually caused by atherosclerosis; symptoms include pain in the chest or upper body (shoulders, neck, and jaw), shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and nausea |
| myocarditis | inflammation of myocardium; most often caused by viral bacterial infection |
| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| rheumatic heart disease | damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever (a streptococcal infection) |
| sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) | the abrupt cessation of any cardiac output (CO), most commonly as the result of ventricular fibrillation causes sudden death unless defibrillation is initiated immediately |
| Related to the Veins | deep vein thrombosis, phlebitis, thrombophlebitis, varicose veins |
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac veins |
| phlebitis | inflammation of a vein |
| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation |
| varicose veins | abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs |
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