Chapter 6 - Blood and Lymphatic System
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cindymzapata on February 18, 2012
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93 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Blood | is responsible for 1. transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to body cells 2. carrying wastes away from cells |
| Lymphatic System Functions | 1. Protect the body by filtering microorganisms and foreign particles from the lymph, a clear fluid collected from body tissues 2. Support the activities of the lymphocytes in the immune response 3. Maintain the body's internal fluid environment as an intermediary between the blood in the capillaries and tissue cells 4. Carry fats away from the digestive organs |
| COMBINING FORMS | Word roots with a vowel at the end so that a suffix beginning with a consonant can be added. (ex; cardio/o) |
| blast/o (also suffix, -blast) | germ or bud |
| chrom/o, chromat/o | color |
| chyl/o | juice |
| cyt/o | cell |
| hem/o, hemat/o | blood |
| immun/o | safe |
| lymph/o | clear fluid |
| morph/o | form |
| myel/o | bone marrow or spinal cord |
| phag/o | eat or swallow |
| plas/o | formation |
| reticul/o | a net |
| splen/o | spleen |
| thromb/o | clot |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| Anatomic Terms in the Blood System | ... |
| TERMS RELATED TO BLOOD FLUID | plasma and serum |
| plasma | liquid portion of the blood and lymph; contains water, proteins, and cellular components (i.e. leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets) |
| serum | liquid portion of the blood that remains after clotting |
| CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF THE BLOOD | erythrocyte, leukocyte, platelets |
| erythrocyte | red blood cell; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide -hemoglobin |
| hemoglobin | the protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| leukocyte | white blood cell; protects the body from the harmful invading substances -granulocytes |
| granulocytes | a group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm 1. neutrophil 2. polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte 3. eosinophil 4. basophil 5. agranulocytes |
| 1. neutrophil | a granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis) (neutr = neither; phil = attraction for) |
| 2. polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte | another term for neutrophil, referring to the many segments in its nucleus (poly = many; morpho = form, nucleus = kernel) |
| 3. eosinophil | a granular leukocyte, names for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions (eos = dawn-colored [rosy]) |
| 4. basophil | a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues (baso = base; phil = attraction for) |
| 5. agranulocytes | a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei a. lymphocyte b. monocyte |
| a. lymphocte | an agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells (thymus-dependent), B cells (bone marrow-derived), and natural killer (NK) cells |
| b. monocyte | an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection (mono = one) |
| platelets | thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation) |
| Anatomic Terms in the Lymphatic System | ... |
| ORGANS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM | thymus and spleen |
| thymus | primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps to maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes |
| spleen | organ between the stomach and the diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune responses |
| STRUCTURES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM | lymph, lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph ducts |
| lymph | fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels |
| lymph capillaries | microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels |
| lymph vessels | vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes 1. lacteals 2. chyle |
| 1. lacteals | specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream (lacteus = milky) |
| 2. chyle | white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals |
| lymph nodes | many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions |
| lymph ducts | collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins 1. right lymphatic duct 2. thoracic duct |
| 1. right lymphatic duct | receives lymph from the right upper part of the body |
| 2. thoracic duct | receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities |
| IMMUNITY | immunity, antigen, antibody, active immunity, passive immunity |
| immunity | process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen |
| antigen | a substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it |
| antibody | a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body |
| active immunity | a long-lasting immunity that results from stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies; developed wither naturally, in response to an infection, or artificially, in response to the administration of a vaccine |
| passive immunity | a short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies that are conveyed either naturally, through the placenta to a fetus, or artificially, by injection of a serum containing antibodies |
| Symptomatic Terms | ... |
| RELATED TO BLOOD | microcytosis, macrocytosis, amisocytosis, poikilocytosis, reticulocytosis, erythropenia, lymphocytopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, hemolysis |
| microcytosis | presence of small red blood cells |
| macrocytosis | presence of large red blood cells |
| anisocytosis | presence of red blood cells of unequal size (an = not, without; iso = equal) |
| poikilocytosis | presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells (poikilo = irregular) |
| reticulocytosis | an increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood |
| erythropenia | an abnormally reduced numer of red blood cells |
| lymphocytopenia | an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes |
| neutropenia | a decreased number of neutrophils |
| pancytopenia | an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood |
| thrombocytopenia | an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process |
| hemolysis | breakdown of the red blood cell membrane |
| RELATED TO THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM | immunocompromised, immunosuppression, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly |
| immunocompromised | impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or by therapy with immunosuppressive agents |
| immunosuppression | impaired ability to provide an immune response |
| lymphadenopathy | enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes |
| splenomegaly | enlargement of the spleen |
| Diagnostic Terms | ... |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood |
| anemia | a condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues 1. aplastic anemia 2. iron deficiency anemia 3. pernicious anemia |
| 1. aplastic anemia | a normocytic-normochronic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells |
| 2. iron deficiency anemia | a microcytic-hypochronic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small red blood cells containing low amount of hemoglobin |
| 3. pernicious anemia | a macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number |
| autoimmune disease | any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune diseases (auto = self) |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus |
| RH factor | presence or lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which causes a reaction between Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood 1. Rh positive 2. Rh negative |
| 1. Rh positive | presence of antigens |
| 2. Rh negative | absence of antigens |
| hemochromatosis | hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body |
| hemophilia | a group of hereditary bleeding disorders caused by a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood |
| leukemia | chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow 1. myelodysplasia |
| 1. myelodysplasia | disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia |
| lymphoma | any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease |
| metastasis | process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; the plural form, metastases, indicates spreading to two or more distant sites |
| mononucleosis | condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis) |
| polycythemia | increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood |
| septicemia | systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood |
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