Drug Lit
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52 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Differentiate Experimental and Observational Studies | Experimental: Includes RCT. They evaluate efficacy of therapeutic. educational, and administrative intervention. The Investigators control the allocation of the intervention Observational:include Cohort, Case Control, and Cross Sectionals. They observe natural occurrences =. They examine causes, etiologies, predictors, better diagnoses |
| Identify the different types of primary literature | RCT Cohort Case Control Surveys |
| letter to the editor | a letter sent to the editor and reviewed only by the editor |
| Editorial | opinion piece written by the editor or selected expert scholar in the field |
| Abstracts | short summaries of research projects to be presented as posters at a conference |
| supplement | generall a separate additional issue dedicated to conference abstracts/ proceedingsor specific drug/disease states |
| systematic review | process of collecting, reviewing and presenting all available evidence |
| Meta-Analysis | Statistical technique involved in extracting and combining data to produce a summary estimate. It is useful in providing trends |
| Guidelines/Consensus Statement | statements that were developed based on evidence and provide recommendations for patient care -Developed by a panel of experts in the field |
| Best type of study for therapy/prvention? | RCT Cohort Case control Case Series |
| best type of study for diagnosis? | Prospective blind comparison to a gold standard |
| best type of study for prognosis | Cohort Case control Case Series |
| Best type of study for Harm/Etiology? | RCT Cohort Case Control Case Series |
| best type of study for Cost benefit? | -economic analyses |
| independent variable: | predictor variable. It is the variable which preceedes and is presumed to cause or be associated with the outcome |
| Dependent variable | Outcome variable. It is the response to the independent variable. |
| Confounding variable | Variables whose effects on the response variable may be indistinguishable |
| Internal Validity: | The degree to which the investigator draws the correct conclusions about what actually happened in the study -Within the confines of the study, results appear to be accurate and the interpretation of the investigator is supported |
| External Validitty or Generalizability | -the degree to which theses conclusions can be appropriately applies to people and events outside of the study. |
| Importance of Intention to Treat | -compares outcomes betwen the study groups with every participants analyzed. It is real life. large numbers, and less bias |
| Advantage of RCT | Strongest design- demonstrates causality Blinding Randomization |
| Disadvantages of RCT? | Expensive, Time Consuming, not practical for rare disease, informed consen, compliance, loss to follow up, generalizability |
| What is a prospective cohort? | -Defines sample and measures predictor variables before outcome occurs. -Measure characteristics in each subject which may predict a subsequent outcomes. |
| What are the strengths of a Prospective cohort? | -Good way to investigate a potential cause of a condition - potential cause factors are established before the outcomes -allows the investigator the opportunity for complete and accurate measurement of variables -not a problem with inaccurate, incomplete, or missing records -decrease potential bias of already knowing the outcomes -No Recall bias- dont have to remember past events |
| What are the weakness of Prospective cohort? | - Expensive and inefficient method for rare outcomes -Potential for subclinical forms of outcomes being evaluated -Loss to follow up: Can bias results -Change of habits |
| What is a Retrospective Cohort | -Defines the sample and collects the data about the predictor after the outcome has occurred - Relies on adequate record keeping |
| What are the Strength of a Retrospective Cohort? | -Same as prospective -Cheaper -Less time consuming |
| What are the weakness of a Retrospective Cohort? | -Limited control of sampling population -limited control over type and frequency of measurement of predictor values -Incomplete, inaccurate, or missing data necessary to answer each research question |
| What are the characteristics of a Case Control study? | - retrospective -goal is to define the cause of disease or specific outcome -identify group of subjects with the outcome of interest and a group without the outcome of interest -Does not yield Incidence or Prevalence data -provides estimate of strength of association between each predictor value and the presence of absence of disease |
| What are the strengths of a Case Control? | -efficiency for rare outcomes -usefulness for generating hypotheses -Dont need to wait years for disease to develop or track down |
| What are the weakness of a Case Control? | -Limits to information -Bias -Selection of controls: need to be from same general population as cases but do not exhibit outcome -differential measurement bias |
| What is Outcomes research? | -Seeks to understand the end results of particular health care practices and interventions -Includes ECHO MOdel, PROs, and Survey |
| Why are Outcomes research important for pharmacy students? | 1. Evidence based medicine is the standard for making decisions about patient care 2. Evaluating your service 3. Evaluating your patients |
| What can a survey measure? | -Attitudes -Beliefs -Behaviors |
| What is the difference between a survey and a experiement? | experiment: if you measure dependent variables and manipulate independent variables. Survey: is if you measure both independent and dependent variables. |
| How can you have independent variables that you do not manipulate? | -in experiments independent variables are causal, in surveys they are variables beleieved to be causal |
| What is reliability? | it is the repeatability, consistency, and dependability of a measure |
| Why cant me calculate reliability? | -bc we cant measure the true score component of an observation |
| What can we estimate the true score component of reliability as? | -the covariance between 2 observations of the same measure, and therefore we can estimate the reliability as the correlation between two observatins of the same measure. |
| what is inter-rater or inter-oberserver reliability? | -used to assess the degree to which diff. obervers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon |
| What is Test-Retest reliability | measure intrument at 2 times for multiple persons. I.E. administered twice over a period of time. Compute the correlation between the 2 measures and assume no change in the underlying trait between time 1 and 2 |
| What is Parallel Forms Reliability? | -Administer both forms to the same people and get a correlation between the two forms - Problem: many items that reflect the same construct must be generated. The assumption is that the randomly divided halves are parallel or equivalent |
| What is internal consistency reliability: | -Items measuring the same phenom should correlate, therefore higher the correlation greater the internal consistency and thereby higher the reliability of the instrument |
| What is validity | A set of standards by which research can be judged. in general, validity relates to weather the concept being investigated are actually the ones being tested - its an index of how well a test or procedure in fact measures what it is intended to measure |
| What is conclusion validity? | -relationship between what you did and what you saw |
| What is internal validity? | -is the relationship causal |
| what is external validity? | -Can it be generalized to other people places times |
| What is construct validity? | -generalized to constructs |
| What is Face Validity? | -a judgement call -probs the weakest and easiest form of measurement validity |
| what is content validity? | - check the measure against the relevant content domain. also a judgement call. Can make this relatively rigorous with a systematic check. |
| What are the different types of Criterion related Validity? | -Predictive Validity: looks at measures ability to predict something it should be able to predict -Concurrent Validity: does the measure distinguish betwen groups that it should distinguish against |
| What are the different types of Construct Validity? | -Factor Analysis: Whether the constructs empirically identified through factor analysis, correspond to the theoretical constructs which test developers hypothesized in developing the survey. -Convergent Validity: Measures of constructs that related to each other should be strongly related -Discriminant Principle: Measures of DIFFERENT constructs should NOT correlate highly with each other |
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