Nervous System;The Eye and the Ear
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aprilbaiibee on February 19, 2012
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141 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 nervous systems | one of the most complex of all human body systems |
| 10 billion | more than how many nerve cells constantly operate all over the body to coordinate the activities we do consciously and voluntarily |
| cns | which system consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| pns | which system consists 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| cranial nerves | what carries impulses to the brain and the head and neck |
| vagus nerve | being the 10th cranial nerve, it carries messages to and from the chest and abdomen as well as the head and neck regions |
| spinal nerves | what carries messages between the spinal cord and the chest, abdomen, and extremities |
| central nervous system | cns |
| peripheral nervous system | pns |
| 12 | the cranial nerves have how many pairs |
| 31 | the spinal nerves have how many pairs |
| tongue taste sensation, ear pain and temperature | facial function |
| sensation in ear, tongue and throat sensations, throat movement | glossopharyngeal function |
| throat, voice box, chest, abdominal sensations, voice box and throat movement, chest movement | vagus function |
| neck muscle movement | accessory function |
| tongue movement | hypoglossal function |
| femoral nerve | a lumbar nerve leading to and from the thigh. |
| femur | thigh |
| sciatic nerve | a sacral nerve beginning in a region of the hip |
| horse's tail | cauda equina |
| a bundle of spinal nerves at the end of the spinal cord | cauda equina definition |
| spinal and cranial nerves | nerves that are composed of nerves that help the body respond to changes on the outside world |
| eye | sight organ |
| ear | hearing and balance organ |
| smell | olfactory organ |
| motor nerves | travel form the brain to muscles of the body, telling them how to respond |
| sensory nerves | carry messages related to changes in the environment, toward the brain |
| autonomic nervous system | peripheral nerves belong to what system |
| autonomic nervous system | ans |
| ans | system of nerve fibers that carry impulses from the cns to the glands, heart, blood vessels, and the involuntary muscles found in the walls of tubes like the intestines and hollow organs like the stomach and urinary bladder. |
| ans | system that carries impulses away from the cns |
| sympathetic nerves and others are parasympathetic nerves | some autonomic nerves are what |
| sympathetic nerves | nerves that stimulate the body in times of stress and crisis |
| relax | dilate |
| adrenaline | epinephrine |
| sympathetic nerves | they increase blood pressure, stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete epinephrine, and inhibit intestinal contractions slowing digestion |
| parasympathetic nerves | nerves that normally act as a balance for sympathetic nerves |
| parasympathetic nerves | they slow down heart rate, contract the pupils of the eye, lower blood pressure, stimulate peristalsis to clear the rectum, and increase the quantity of secretions like saliva. |
| plexus | a large network of nerves in the peripheral nervous system |
| brachi/o | arm |
| neuron | individual nerve cell, a microscopic structure |
| stimulus | begins an impulse in the branching fibers of the neuron |
| dendrites | branching fibers of the neuron |
| cell body | contains the cell nucleus |
| ganglia | small collections of nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord |
| axon | extending from the body |
| axon | carries the impulse away from the cell body |
| myelin sheath | fatty tissue that cover axons |
| myelin sheath | gives a whote appearance to the nerve fiber |
| gray matter | neurons that appear gray because they are not covered by the myelin sheath |
| neurilemma | another axon cover that is a membranous sheath outside the myelin sheath on the nerve cells of peripheral nerves |
| terminal end fibers | nervous impulsess pass through to axon to leave the cell via what of the neuron |
| synapse | the space where the nervous impulse jumps from one neuron to the another |
| neurotransmitter | the transfer of an impulse across the synapse depends on the release of a chemical substance by the neuron that brings the impulse to the synapse is called what |
| dendrites and axons | a nerve consists of what |
| sensory nerves | peripheral nerves that carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord from stimulus receptors like the skin, eye, ear, and nose |
| motor nerves | carries impulses from the cns to organs that produce responses (e.g.. muscles and glands) |
| neurons and nerves | the parenchymal tissue of the nervous system |
| phagocytosis | engulfing foreign material |
| astrocytes | star-like cells that transport water and salts between capillaries and neurons |
| microglia | small cells with many branching processes |
| phagocytes | cells that protect neurons in response to inflammation |
| oligodendroglia | they form the myelin sheath protects axons on the cns |
| olig/o | dendrites |
| ependymal cell | lines membranes within the brain and around the spinal cord and helps form the fluid that circulates within the brain and spinal cord |
| upper garment | ependyma meaning |
| glial cells | what cells, particularly the astrocytes, regulate the passage of potentially harmful substances from the blood into the nerve cells of the brain |
| blood-brain barrier | the protective barrier between the blood and the brain cells |
| brain | what controls the body activities |
| cerebrum | the largest part of the brain |
| cerebrum | the thinking area of the brain |
| cerebral cortex | nerve cells that lie in sheets on the surface of the cerebrum |
| gyri | folds in the brain |
| sulci | the cerebral cortex are separated by from each other by grooves called what |
| cerebral hemisphere | the right and left side of the brain are in a what |
| frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal | brain lobes |
| ventricles | spaces or canals on the middle of the cerebrum |
| cerebrospinal fluid | a watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord |
| cerebrospinal fluid | CSF |
| thalamus | integrates and monitors sensory impulses from the skin |
| hypothalamus | contains neurons that control body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions |
| hypothalamus | regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary glands |
| thalamus | controls the perception of pain |
| convolutions | gyri also called |
| fissures | sulci also called |
| basal ganglia | regulates how we move |
| corpus callosum | lies in the center of the brain ans connects the two hemispheres |
| brainstem | the pons and medulla are apart of |
| cerebellum | functions to coordinate voluntary movements and maintain balance and posture |
| pons | contains nerve fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum and cerebrum with the rest of the brain |
| medulla oblongata | connects the spinal cord with the rest of the brain |
| decussate | cross over |
| spinal cord | column of nervous tissue extending from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra within the vertebral column |
| meninges | 3 layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| dura mater | outer most membrane of the meninges |
| dura mater | channels though which blood can enter the brain tissue |
| subdural space | below the dura mater and contains blood vessels |
| arachnoid membrane | second layer around the brain and spinal cord |
| subarachnoid space | web-like fibers that have space for fluid between them and is also the third membrane |
| pia mater | the third layer of meninges and the closest to the brain and spinal cord |
| pia mater | contains delicate connective tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of some nerve cells |
| cell body | part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus |
| ganglion | a collection of nerve cell bodies in the pns |
| oligodendroglial cell | glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons |
| receptor | organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves within the body |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum |
| dur/o | dura mater |
| gli/o | glue, parts of the nervous system that support and connect |
| lept/o | thin, slender |
| mening/o, meningi/o | membranes, meninges |
| myel/o | spinal cord |
| -blast | immature |
| neur/o | nerve |
| pont/o | pons |
| radicul/o | nerve root ( of spinal nerves) |
| thalam/o | thalamus |
| thec/o | sheath |
| vag/o | vagus nerve |
| alegs/o, -algesia | excessive sensitivity to pain |
| caus/o | burning |
| comat/o | deep sleep (coma) |
| esthesi/o, -esthesia | feeling, nervous sensation |
| par- | abnormal |
| kines/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic | movement |
| -lepsy | seizure |
| narc/o | stupor, sleep |
| lex/o | word, phrase |
| -paresis | slight paralysis |
| -phasia | speech |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| hemi- | half |
| quadri- | four |
| -praxia | action |
| -sthenia | strength |
| synocop/o | to cut off, cut short |
| syncope | fainting |
| tax/o | order, coordination |
| parenchyma | essential, distinguishing cells of an organ. |
| myring/o | eardrum, tympanic membrane |
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