apes ch.7
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Created by:
jillianmclenithan on February 19, 2012
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 physical appearance | relative sizes, stratification, and distribution of its populations and species. |
| species diversity or richness | the number of different species |
| species abundance | the number of individuals of each species |
| niche structure | The number of ecological niches, how they resemble or differ from each other, and how they interact |
| edge effect | differences in the physical structure and physical properties(such as sunlight, temp., wind, and humidity) at boundaries and in transition zones between two ecosystems(ecotones). |
| 3 factors of species diversity | latitude,depth, and pollution |
| depth-species diversity gradient | The increase in species richness with increasing water depth until about 2000 meters below the surface, where species richness begins to decline. |
| species equilibrium model | A balance between two factories determines the nubmer of different species found on an island: the rate at which new species immigrate to the island and the rate at which existing species become extinct on the island. |
| theory of island biogeography | immigration and extinction rate is affected by its size and distance away from the mainland. |
| habitat island | national parks surrounded by a sea of developed and fragmented land. |
| indicator species | Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded. ex)birds |
| keystone species | their strong interactions with other species, and affect the health and survival of these species,and they process material out of proportion to their numbers of biomass. they spread seeds,pollinate plants, and recycle waste |
| interspecific competition | in a community competition for resources between members of different species |
| intraspecific competition | in a community competition for resources among members of the same species |
| territoriality | In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended. |
| exploitation competition | Situation in which two competing species have equal access to a specific resource but differ in how quickly or efficiently they exploit it. See interference competition, interspecific competition. |
| interference competition | when two competing individuals have direct contact and conflict, either physical or chemical, over shared limited resources. |
| competitive exclusion principle | ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time |
| resource partitioning | the dividing up of scarce resources so that species with similar needs use them at different times, in different ways, or in different places. |
| predation | members of one species (the predictor) feed directly in all parts of a living organism of another species(the prey) |
| mimicry | the resemblance of an animal species to another species or to natural objects |
| parasitism | occurs when one species (the parasite) feeds on part of another organism (the host) parasite benefits host is harmed |
| mutualism | two species interact in ways that benefit both, some benefits include having pollen and seeds dispersed for reproduction, being supplied with food or receiving protection. |
| linches | hardy species that can grow on trees or barren rock, consist of colorful photosynthetic algae and chlorophyll-lacking fungi living together |
| rhizobium bacteria | converts atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by the plants and the plants provide the bacteria with some simple sugar |
| commensalism | symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed ex)redwood sorrel, a small herb, benefits from growing in the shade of tall redwood trees, with no known negative effects on the redwood trees |
| epiphytes | plants such as mosses, lichens, and orchids, that grow on other plants but do not take nutrients from them |
| primary succession | an ecological succession that begins in a an area where no biotic community previously existed |
| secondary succession | the more common type of succession, involves the reestablishment of biotic community is already present |
| pioneer species | in primary succession on a terrestrial site, the plants, lichens, and microbes that first colonize the site |
| early successional plant species | Plant species found in the early stages of succession that (1) grow close to the ground, (2) can establish large populations quickly under harsh conditions, and (3) have short lives. Compare late successional plant species, midsuccessional plant species. |
| midsuccessional plant species | Grasses and low shrubs that are less hardy than early successional plant species. |
| late successional plant species | Mostly trees that can tolerate shade and form a fairly stable complex forest community. |
| facilitation | During succession, one species prepares the way for the next (and may even be necessary for the occurrence of the next) |
| intermediate disturbance hypothesis | The concept that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater species diversity than low or high levels of disturbance. |
| climax community | a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time |
| balance of nature | An environmental myth that states that the natural environment, when not influenced by human activity, will reach a constant status, unchanging over time, referred to as an equilibrium state |
| inertia or persistance | the ability of a living system to resist being disturbed or altered |
| constancy | the ability of living systems such as a population to keep its numbers within the limits opposed by available resources |
| resilience | the ability of a living system to bounce back after an external disturbance that is not too drastic |
| precautionary principle | When a threat is of serious environmental damage, we should not wait for scientific proof before taking action. |
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