Psych 212 Test 1
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86 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Definition of Development | The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life cycle |
| Definition of Preformationism | pre 15th century (middle agoes): children were seen and treated as mini adults |
| Definition of Original Sin: | 16th century: children were perceived as being born evil, childrearing focused on changing them to good |
| Two Pioneers in Child Psychology: | John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| Definition of Tabula Rasa | 17th century: John locke believed children were born as "blank slates" and acquired their characteristics through experience |
| Definition of Innate Goodness | 18th century: Rousseau believed children were born good and should develop with little interference |
| Definition of Traditional Approach | emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence (bigger, better, stronger), little to no change in adulthood, and decline in old age |
| Definition of Life-Span Perspective | modern day approach to development |
| Life-Span Perspective Characteristics #1 Development is LifeLong (What does this mean?) | No age period dominates development. Maximum human life span = about 122) Average life expectancy = 78 |
| Life-Span Perspective Characteristics #2 Development is Multidimensional (what are the dimensions?) | Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional dimensions |
| Life-Span Perspective Characteristics #3 Development is Multidirectional (meaning?) | Some dimensions or components of a dimension increase/decrease in growth |
| Life-Span Perspective Characteristics #4 Development is Multidisciplinary (What fields?) | Psychologists, Sociologists, Anthropologists, Neuroscientists, Medical Researchers, Teachers, etc. |
| Life-Span Perspective Characteristics #5 Development is Plastic | Plasticity involves the degree to which characteristics change or remain stable / the degree to which our developmental path is changeable |
| Life-Span Perspective Characteristics #6 Development is Contextual (Normative/non-, etc.) | Normative age-graded influences - Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group Normative history-graded influences - Influences that are common to people of a past generation because of the historical circumstances they experience Non-normative life events - Unusual occurrences, patterns, and sequences of events not applicable to may individuals |
| Life-Span Perspective Characteristics #7 Development is Co-constructive (3 things) | shaped by biology, culture, and the individual |
| Life-Span Perspective Characteristics #8 (growth, maintenance, loss) | Development involves growth, maintenance, and loss |
| Definition of Nurture | An organism's environmental experiences |
| Definition of Nature | An organism's biological inheriteance (genes, DNA) |
| Definition of Developmental Theories | explain how and why people become the way they are |
| Two influential theories to development | Psychoanalytic and learning theories |
| Psychoanalytic Theories believe/explain... | that development is mainly a process of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences. People move through stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. This conflict resolution determines adult personality. |
| Definition of The Unconscious | Area of highly active and powerful primitive drives and forbidden wishes constantly generate pressure on the conscious mind |
| Goal of psychoanalysis | to pull unconscious motives into consciousness |
| Definition of libido | internal drive for physical pleasure that drives our behaviors |
| Freud's 3 structures of personality: Definition of Id | Contains libido, operates on unconscious level, present at birth; unconscious impulses, needs, and desires |
| Freud's 3 structures of personality: Definition of Ego | Vehicle to satisfy id, develops at 2-3 years |
| Freud's 3 structures of personality: Definition of Superego | Moral judge based on rules of society, developed at about 6 years |
| Five stages of psychosexual development | Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital stage |
| Definition of Oral stage | id gratification comes from oral exploration; problems lead to pessimism about world (oral fixation) |
| Definition of Anal stage | pleasure usually centered around toilet training; problems lead to excessive orderliness/messiness |
| Definition of Phallic stage | sex-role identification; problems lead to promiscuity/excessive chastity, vanity, sex-role identification problems |
| Definition of Latency stage | Libido channeled into mastery activities, time of focus on achievement and mastery skills |
| Definition of Genital stage | Time of mature personality, intimacy with others, libido satisfied by adult-type sexual activity |
| Classical Conditioning (Pavlov and Watson) definition | a process by which behaviors are learned through associations |
| Watson (Behaviorism) applied classical conditioning techniques to | human beings; "Little Albert" study |
| Watson's Behaviorism (three laws) | 1. There are strict laws to behavior 2. Psychology must abandon study of mind, focus on observable behaviors 3. Human behavior is much more (if not all) influenced by environment/experience than by DNA (inherited factors. |
| Operant conditioning definition | Process by which organisms learn to behave in ways that produce desirable results |
| Definition of Evolutionary Psychology | Process of natural selection favors behaviors that increase our reproductive success (importance on genetic variation) |
| Human chromosomes pairs | 22 matching pairs plus 1 sex chromosome = 46 chromosomes |
| Definition of Genotype | genetic material |
| Definition of Phenotype | our observable, measurable characteristics |
| Definition of conception | human egg and sperm unite, resulting in zygote |
| Definition of autosomes | first 22 pairs of chromosomes |
| X-linked inheritance are asserted more in | males, because males only have one chromosome (no other dominant x to make up for defects in theirs) |
| Definition of Polygenic Inheritance | characterstics are determined by the interaction of many different genes |
| Behavior and traits best summarized as... | multifactorial and polygenic |
| Definition of prenatal development | development from conception until birth |
| Definition of zygote | first cell formed when the egg and sperm unite and join genetic material |
| Definition of germinal period | conception to 14 days, zygote created and attaches to uterine wall (7-9 days), nourishment and protective systems develop, blastocyst develops |
| Definition of embryonic period | 2-8 weeks following conception, MOST RAPID CHANGE (cell differentiation) HIGHEST VULNERABILITY FOR BIRTH DEFECTS |
| Definition of fetal period | 2+ months after conception, GROWTH AND FINISHING PHASE (most rapid increase in size) |
| Definition of age of viability | point at which fetus can survive outside of the womb = 22-28 weeks |
| Definition of Teratogens | broad range of substances and environmental influences that may result in defects of the fetus (baby); first 2 weeks not susceptible |
| Definition of low birthweight | infants weight less than 5.5 pounds at birth |
| Definition of preterm infant | infant born 35 weeks or less after conception |
| Definition of Small-for-date/Small-for-gestational-age infant | birth weight below normal when length of pregnancy is considered; shows most developmental problems |
| Definition of Cephalocaudal pattern | head-to-tail growth |
| Definition of Proximodistal pattern | near-to-far growth = center to extremities |
| Definition of Puberty | Period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes (sexual maturation, increase in weight/height) from about age 9-16 |
| Growth spurt trend | Female growth spurt occurs earlier than males |
| The Endocrine system regulates... | growth and sexual maturation; works like THERMOSTAT |
| Definition of Senescence | begins in 30s, gradual related physical declines, subtle and often not noticeable |
| Physical patterns of change in early adulthood | physical performance peaks in 20s, height remains fairly constant, senescence begins in 30s |
| Two types of CNS cells | Neurons (transmitters) and Glial (supporter) cells |
| Medulla regulates... | heart rate, breathing, vital involuntary actions |
| Pons' role... | links to cerebellum |
| Cerebellum regulates... | balance, coordination, movement |
| Reticular formation regulates | arousal, attention, waking, sleeping |
| Definition of cerebrum | responsible for higher brain fuctions, complex thought, divided into frontal, parietla, occipital and temporal lobes |
| Temporal lobes contain | auditory cortex |
| Occipital lobes contain | visual cortex |
| Parietal lobes contain | somatosensory cortex (touch, spacial orientation) |
| Frontal lobes contain | motor cortex, planning, thinking, motivation |
| Role of Hypothalamus | Temperature regulation, hunger, hormones, mood, "pleasure center" |
| Brain Development: neural tube formation | 1. blastocyst forms neural plate (gives rise to CNS), forms neural groove, fuses forming neural tube, ends close to form brain and spinal cord |
| Brain Development: sequencing | Neurulation, Neurogenesis (cell proliferation), Axon and dendrite development, Synaptogenesis, Myelination, Pruning |
| Brain Development: Definition of Neurulation | Process of forming and closing neural tube |
| Role of folic acid in brain development | greatly reduces chance of neural tube defects |
| Definition of Spina Bifida | Malformations of spinal cord caused by failure of closure of neural tube, lack of fusion of vertebral arches |
| Brain Development: Definition of Neurogenesis | birth of neurons; proliferation and migration |
| Brain Development: Definition of Migration | Neurons born first migrate to most inner positions, later neurons migrate past older situated neurons (outer layers develop last) |
| Brain Development: Definition of Axon and Dendrite Development | When neuroblasts reach destination, send out axons; dendrites begin to sprout and grow spines |
| Brain Development: Definition of Synaptogenesis | Formation of synapses; emergence of functioning |
| Brain Development: Definition of Myelination | Process of myelination begins in spinal cord, completes in cortex regions |
| Brain Development: Definition of Pruning | large number of neurons are eliminated; makes space for neurons that are being used |
| Definition of Brain Plasticity | lifelong ability of brain to reorganize neural pathways based on experiences |
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