Ch. 26: The Urinary System (General and The Kidneys)
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60 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 functions of the urinary system | 1. regulating plasma concentrations of ions; 2. regulating blood volume and pressure by adjusting the volume of water los and releasing erythropoietin and renin; 3. helping stabilize blood ph; 4. conserving nutrients; 5. eliminating organic wastes; 6. synthesizing calcitriol |
| contents of the urinary system | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| what do kidneys produce? | urine |
| what is urine? | a fluid containing water, ions, and soluble compounds |
| what happens during urination? | urine is forced out of the body |
| another word for urination? | micturition |
| how is the position of the kidneys maintained in the abdominal cavity? | 1. overlying peritoneum; 2. contact with adjacent visceral organs; 3. supporting connective tissues |
| three concentric layers of connective tissue in the kidneys? | renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia |
| what covers the outer portion of the kidney? | renal capsule |
| what surrounds the renal capsule? | adipose capsule |
| what does the renal fascia do? | anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures |
| what is attached to the hilus of the kidney? | the ureter and renal blood vessels |
| what does the inner portion of the renal capsule line? | renal sinus |
| divisions of the kidney | outer renal cortex, central renal medulla, inner renal sinus |
| how many renal pyramids does the medulla contain? | 6-18 |
| what are the tips of the renal pyramids called? | renal papillae |
| where do the renal pyramids project? | into the renal sinus |
| what are renal columns composed of? | cortex |
| what do renal columns do? | separate adjacent pyramids |
| what does the renal lobe contain? | 1. renal pyramid; 2. overlying area of renal cortex; 3. adjacent tissues of the renal columns |
| what are minor calyces continuous with? | major calyces |
| what leads into the renal sinus? | the spaces formed by the minor and major calyces |
| what is the renal sinus continuous with? | ureter |
| what does the vasculature of the kidneys include? | renal, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries to the afferent arteries that supply the nephrons |
| how does the blood flow in the kidneys? | from the nephron, into the interlobular, arcuate, interlobar, and renal veins |
| what innervates the kidneys and the ureters? | renal nerves |
| what does sympathetic activation do to kidneys? | regulates glomerular blood flow and pressure, stimulates renin release, and accelerates sodium ion and water reabsorption |
| what is the basic functional unit of the kidney? | the nephron |
| what does the nephron consist of? | a renal tubule that empties into the collecting system and renal corpuscle |
| where does tubular fluid travel from the renal corpuscle? | through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the loop of Henle (nephron loop) and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) then through the connecting tubule, collecting duct, and papillary duct to reach the renal minor calyx |
| what percentage of the nephrons are cortical nephrons found within the cortex? | 85% |
| what is the length of the loops of Henle? | short |
| what do the efferent arteriole provide blood to? | the peritubular capillaries |
| what do peritubular capillaries surround? | renal tubules |
| what is located close to the medulla? | juxtamedullary nephrons |
| where do the juxtamedullary nephrons' loops of Henle extend? | deep into the renal pyramids |
| what are nephrons responsible for? | 1. production of filtrate; 2. reabsorption of organic nutrients, water, ions |
| what does the renal corpuscle contain? | capillary knot of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule |
| what is another name for Bowman's capsule? | glomerular capsule |
| what happens at the glomerulus? | podocytes of visceral epithelium wrap their feet around the capillaries |
| what are pedicels of the podocytes separated by? | narrow filtration slits |
| what does the capsular space separate? | the parietal and visceral epithelia |
| notable characteristic of lamina densa of basal lamina? | it is unusually thick |
| how does blood arrive at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle? | via the afferent arteriole |
| how does blood depart from the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle? | in the efferent arteriole |
| where does blood go from the efferent arteriole? | enters the peritubular capillaries and the vesa recta that follow the loops of Henle in the medulla |
| which convoluted tubule contains the most microvilli | proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
| function of PCT | actively reabsorbs nutrients, ions, plasma proteins, and electrolytes from the tubular fluid |
| what is included in loop of Henle? | descending limb and ascending limb |
| what do the limbs of loop of Henle contain? | thick segment and thin segment |
| what does the loop of Henle's descending limb do? | delivers fluid to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
| what is passively transported out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle? | sodium ions |
| what does reabsorption in the PCT and loop of Henle reclaim? | all of the organic nutrients, 85% of the water, and more than 90% of the Na and Cl ions |
| distal convoluted tubule is an important site for what? | 1. active secretion of ions, acids, and other materials; 2. reabsorption of sodium ions; 3. adjusting osmotic concentration and balance |
| what % of nephrons do juxtaglomerular apparatus make up? | 15% |
| what is juxtaglomerular appartaus composed of? | macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells |
| what does juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete? | the hormones renin and erythropoietin |
| what does the DCT open into? | the collecting system |
| what does the collecting system consist of? | connecting tubules, collecting ducts, papillary ducts |
| functions of collecting system? | 1. transports fluid from the nephron to the renal pelvis; 2. adjusts the osmotic concentrations and volume |
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