AP psychology chapter 6
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dwitsell Plus on February 20, 2012
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Learning
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AP Psychology, AP Psychology, Jet Pride
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47 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation |
| mere exposure effect | this phenomenon causes one to prefer a stimulus as a consequence of repeated exposures to that stimulus, particularly is there is no adverse result of the exposure |
| behavioral learning | forms of learning, such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning, that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses |
| classical conditioning | when a neutral stimulus elicits a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response |
| neutral stimulus | a stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a particular response |
| unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. |
| unconditioned response | an unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning |
| acquisition | The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together. |
| conditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| conditioned response | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). |
| extinction (in classical conditioning) | The weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus |
| spontaneous recovery | in classical conditioning the re-occurence of conditioning after it had appeared to be extinct |
| stimulus generalization | The phenomenon that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response |
| stimulus discrimination | Process by which an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other similar stimuli |
| experimental neurosis | A pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli. |
| taste aversion learning | a form of learning in which an organism learns to avoid a taste after just one pairing of that taste with illness |
| operant | Skinner's term for an actively emitted or voluntary behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |
| Law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| reinforcer | In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
| positive reinforcer | A stimulus added to the environment that strengthens the response (makes it more likely to reoccur) |
| negative reinforcer | the removal of an unpleasant stimulus that increases the likelihood that behavior will continue; is more effective in learning than punishment |
| operant chamber | a chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research. |
| reinforcement contingencies | relationships between a response and the changes in stimulation that follow the response |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| intermittent reinforcers | a type of reinforcement schedule in which some, but not all, of the correct responses are reinforced |
| extinction (in operant conditioning) | A process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal of reinforcement. |
| schedules of reinforcement | Programs specifying the frequency and timing of reinforcements. |
| ratio schedule | A program by which reinforcement depends on the number of correct responses. |
| interval schedule | a program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement |
| fixed ratio schedules | Programs by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain, unvarying number of responses |
| variable ratio schedules | Reinforcement programs by which the number of responses required for a reinforcement varies |
| fixed interval schedules | Programs by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain, fixed time period |
| variable interval schedules | programs by which the time period between reinforcements varies |
| primary reinforcers | reinforcers that meet an organism's basic survival needs, such as food and water |
| secondary reinforcers | learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers |
| token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. |
| Premack principle | principle that a less preferred behavior can be increased in frequency by reinforcing it with a more preferred behavior |
| punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
| positive punishment | following an undesired response by adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behavior reoccuring |
| negative punishment (omission training) | the removal of a pleasant stimulus following an undesired response to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will reoccur |
| insight learning | the process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. |
| observational learning | A form of cognitive learning - learning by watching others' behavior and the consequences of their behavior |
| long term potentiation | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
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