BioAnth chap 5
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30 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 deme | local, interbreeding population that is defined in terms of tis genetic composition (for example, allele frequencies) |
| subspecies | group of local populations that share part of the geographic range of a species, and can be differentiated from other subspecies based on one or more phenotypic traits |
| race | in biological taxonomy, same thing as a subspecies; when applied to humans, sometimes incorporates both cultural and biological factors |
| polytypic species | species that consist of a number of separate breeding populations, each varying in some genetic trait |
| ethnobiology | the study of how traditional cultures classify objects and organisms in the natural world |
| environmentalism | the view that the environment has great powers to directly shape the anatomy of individual organisms |
| racism | a prejudicial belief that members of one ethnic group are superior in some way to those of another |
| anthropometry | the measurement of different aspects of the body, such as stature or skin color |
| ethnic group | a human group defined in terms of sociological, cultural, and linguistic traits |
| population genetics | the study of genetic variation within and between groups of organisms |
| microevolution | the study of evolutionary phenomena that occur within a species |
| polymorphic | two or more distinct phenotypes (at the genetic or anatomical levels) that exist within a population |
| cline | the distribution of a trait or allele across geographical space |
| maternal-fetal incompatibility | occurs when the mother produces antibodies against an antigen (for example, a red blood cell surface protein) expressed in the fetus that she does not possess |
| rhesus (Rh) system | blood type system that can cause hemolytic anemia of the newborn through maternal-fetal incompatibility if the mother is Rh-negative and the child is Rh-positive |
| human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system | class of blood group markers formed by proteins expressed on the surface of white blood cells (leukocytes) |
| autoimmune diseases | diseases caused by the immune system reacting against the normal, healthy tissues of the body |
| haplotypes | combinations of alleles (or, at the sequence level, mutations) that are found together in an individual |
| Duffy blood group | red blood cell system useful for studying admixture between African- and European-derived populations |
| phylogeny | an evolutionary tree indicating relatedness and divergence of taxonomic groups |
| lactose intolerant | the inability to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk; most adult mammals (including humans) are lactose intolerant as adults |
| balanced polymorphism | a stable polymorphism in a population in which natural selection prevents any of the alternative phenotypes (or underlying alleles) from becoming fixed or being lost |
| frequency-dependent balanced polymorphism | balanced polymorphism that is maintained because one (or more) of the alternative phenotypes has a selective advantage over the other phenotypes only when it is present in the population below a certain frequency |
| heterozygous advantage | with reference to a particular genetic system, the situation in which heterzygotes have a selective advantage over homozygotes (for example, sickle cell disease); a mechanism for maintaining a balanced polymorphism |
| adaptability | the ability of an individual organism to make positive anatomical or physiological changes after short- or long-term exposure to stressful environmental conditions |
| acclimatization | short-term changes in physiology that occur in an organism in response to changes in environmental conditions |
| Bergmann's rule | stipulates that body size is larger in colder climates to conserve body temperature |
| Allen's rule | stipulates that in warmer climates, the limbs of the body are longer relative to body size to dissipate body heat |
| melanocytes | cells in the epidermis that produce melanin |
| melanin | a dark pigment produced by the melanoctyes of the epidermis, which is the most important component of skin color |
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