Chapter 12 The History Of Life
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Created by:
JoseCarpeDiem Plus on February 20, 2012
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Description:
Mr. Martinez Biology 2011-2012
12.1 The Fossil Record
12.2 The Geologist Time Scale
12.3 Origin Of Life
12.4 Early Single-Celled Organisms
12.5 Primate Evolution
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Permineralization | An organism dies, sediments cover its body, pressure is applied, minerals carried by groundwater might replace the plants, bones and shells. |
| Natural Casts | Flowing water might replace the bone and flesh of an organism, leaving an impression. Other minerals might fill in the mold, leaving an impression. |
| Trace Fossils | Fossils recording the activity of an organism like footprints. |
| Amber-Preserved Fossils | Organisms trapped in tree resin that hardens into amber after a tree is buried underground. |
| Preserved Remains | Form when an entire organism becomes encased in material such as ice, volcanic ash or immersed in bogs |
| Relative Dating | Way of estimating at which time an organism lived by comparing the placement of fossils of that organism with the placement of fossils in other layers or rock. This only provides the order in which species existed. |
| Radiometric Dating | A way of estimating a fossil's age by using the natural decay rate of unstable isotopes found in materials in order to calculate the age of that material. |
| Isotopes | Atoms of an element with the same number or protons but not the same amount of neutrons. |
| Half Life | The amount of time it takes for half of the isotope in a sample to decay into a different element, or product isotope. After one half life, an isotope has 50%. Another half life and it has 25%. |
| Earth's Age | 4,600,000,000 years |
| Index Fossils | Fossils of organisms that only exist for a specific span of time but over large geographical areas. It is used to estimate the age of rock layers. The best are common, easy to identify and existed for a short amount of time. |
| Geologic Time Scale | A representation of the history on earth. |
| Paleozoic | "Ancient Life" Era |
| Mesozoic | "Middle Life" Era |
| Cenozoic | "Recent Life" Era |
| Nebula | A cloud of dust and gas |
| Miller-Uray Experiment | Supports theory that life came to earth by lightning giving energy to form organic molecules from inorganic molecules. Lightning was simulated and shot through a closed system with gases thought to be in the atmosphere including Methane, Ammonia, Hydrogen and Water Vapor. |
| Meteorite Hypothesis | Analysis of a 1969 meteorite showed that organic molecules could have come from space. |
| Iron-Sulfide Bubbles Hypothesis | William Martin and Michael Russell injected warm sodium sulfide into a cool iron-rich solution. Iron-sulfide bubbles formed and a chimney structure was formed. This supports their theory that the structure's small compartments could have acted as the first cell membranes. |
| Lipid-Membrane Hypothesis | Lipid molecules spontaneously form membrane-enclosed spaces called liposomes. In 1992, Harold Morowitz tested the idea that at one point, liposomes formed with a bilayer membrane. They could then form around many organic molecules. |
| Riboenzyme | RNA molecules that can catalyze certain chemical reactions. They can catalyze their own replication and synthesis and that is why people think they may have been the first genetic material. |
| Cyanobacteria | Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis. Evolved 3,500,000,000 years ago. Gave off oxygen and changed the atmosphere. |
| Theory Of Endosymbiosis | The relationship were one organism lives inside the other and both benefit from the relation. Explains chloroplasts and mitochondria in cells. |
| Sexual Reproduction | Reproduction by the mixing of two organisms' genetic material. This can help one evolutionize by the process of natural selection. |
| Multicellular Life | Life consisting of an organism with 2+cells. |
| Cambrian Explosion | Earliest part of the paleozoic era where a huge diversity of animals arrived. Jawless fish, invertebrates, and arthropods that died in a mass extinction. |
| Primates | A category of animals that include flexible hands and feet, forward-looking eyes, Large brains, arms that rotate in their shoulder joint, opposable thumbs. |
| Prosimians | a subcategory of primates that are older and small and nocturnal. They haven't changed much since their appearance in the fossil record. |
| Anthropoids | Human-like primates |
| New World Monkeys | Subcategory of anthropoids where members live in trees and have prehensiles, or grasping tails. |
| Old World Monkeys | Subcategory of anthropoids where members spend some time in trees but travel and feed on the ground. Big brains and manipulate objects well. |
| Hominoids | Subcategory of anthropoids where members walk upright, have long lower limbs, opposable thumbs, relatively, smaller brains, and include all of the species in the human lineage. Walking upright allowed us to be free with our hands. This is called being bipedal. |
| Australopithecus | A genus of the hominoid category. Australopithecus Afarensis lived 3-4 million years ago in africa and had smaller brains than humans. |
| Homo | A genus of the hominoid category |
| Homo Habilis (Handy Man) | Used crude stone tools. Lived 2.4 - 1.5 million years ago in what is now Kenya and Tanzania. Had brain similar to homo sapien's. |
| Homo Neanderthalis (Neanderthals) | Lived 200,000-30,000 years in europe and the middle east. May have competed or cooperated with homo sapiens. |
| Homo Sapiens (Modern Humans) | First lived 100,000 years ago in ethiopia. Tools get more useful and sophisticated as time passes. Their brain-controlling genes evolve faster than old world monkeys, which evolve faster than rodents. |
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