| Term | Definition |
|---|
| enzymes | Special types of proteins called _________ control the rate of each reaction |
| metabolism | sum total of chemical reactions in the cell |
| anabolism | Larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones, requiring input of energy |
| catabolism | Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy |
| dehydration synthesis | a type of anabolism process, joins many simpe sugar molecules (monosaccharides) to form larger molecules of glycogen |
| peptide bond | water molecule forms, and the amino acid molecules join by a bond between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom, this type of bond holds the amino acids together |
| protein | a polypeptide consisting of 100 or more amino acid molecules is called what? |
| hydrolysis | can decompose carbohydrates, lipids and proteins |
| hydrolysis | the reverse of dehydration synthesis & a type of catabolism |
| hydrolysis | breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharides, fats into glycerol and fatty acids, proteins into amino acids and nucleic acids into nucleotids |
| substrate | each enzyme is specific, acting only on a particular molecule, called its __________. |
| enzyme | protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction |
| adenosine triphosphate | What does ATP stand for? |
| adenosine diphosphate | What does ADP stand for? |
| cofactor | helps the active site attain its appropriate shape or helps bind the enzyme to its substrate |
| cofactor | A _______ may be an ion of an element, such as copper, iron, or zinc |
| coenzyme | composed of vitamin molecules or incorporate altered forms of vitamin molecules into their structures |
| vitamins | essential organic molecules that human cells cannot synthesis. Provide coenzymes that can function repeatedly |
| cellular respiration | process that transfers energy from molecules such as glucose and makes its available for celluar use |
| adenosine triphosphate | a molecule that carries energy in a form that the cell can use |
| phosphorylation | ATP can be resynthesized from an ADP by using energy released from cellular respiration to reattach a phosphate |
| oxidation | process by which oxygen combines with another chemical; removal of hydrogen or loss of electrons; the opposite of reduction |
| aerobic | reactions which require oxygen |
| anaerobic | reactions which do not require oxygen |
| glycolysis | the breaking of glucose |
| glycolysis | ________ occurs in the cytosol and because it doesn't require oxygen, it is sometimes referred to as the anaerobic phase of cellular respiration |
| genome | complete set of genetic instructions in a cell |
| gene expression | controls over which proteins are produced in a particular cell under particular circumstances |
| nucleotides | ______ are the building blocks of nucleic acids |
| nucleotides | consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases |
| adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine | list the 4 nucleotides in DNA |
| adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil | list the 4 nucleotides in RNA |
| transcription | process of copying DNA information into an RNA sequence |
| messenger RNA | The first step in delivering information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is the synthesis of ___________. |
| codons | Amino acids, in the proper order, are now represented by a series of three base sequences |
| transfer RNA | A second type of RNA molecule, transcribed in the nucleus and called ____________, aligns amino acids in a way that enables them to bond to each other. |
| single nucleotide polymorphisms | most common genetic variants with no detectable effects |
| mutations | rare distinctions in DNA sequence that affect how we look or feel |
| monosaccharides | Hydrolysis breaks down carbohydrates into __________________ |
| glycerol and fatty acids | Hydrolysis breaks down fats into __________________ (2 answers) |
| amino acids | Hydrolysis breaks down proteins into __________________ |
| nucleotides | Hydrolysis breaks down nucleic acids into __________________ |
| water molecule | A _____ _______ is used for each bond that is broken |
| monosaccharides and glycogen | Dehydration synthesis joins __________ to form larger molecules of ________ |
| metabolic pathways | Often sequences of enzyme controlled reactions, called _____________(2 words), lead to synthesis or breakdown of particular biochemicals |
| heat energy | ________ (2 words) increases the rate at which molecules moved and the frequency of molecular collisions |
| enzymes | Most ______ are globular proteins that catalyze specific chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy required to start these reactions |
| energy | Metabolic reactions require _________ before they proceed. |
| enzyme and substrate | The speed of enzyme-catalyzed reactions depends on the # of ______ and _______ molecules in the cell |
| shape | The ability of an enzyme to identify a substrate depends on __________ |
| regulatory enzymes | The rate at which a metabolic pathway functions is often determined by _________ ________ that catalyzes one of its steps |
| limited | The number of molecules of a regulatory enzyme is ___________ |
| rate limiting regulatory enzyme | The product of a metabolic pathway may inhibit ____ _____ _____ _____ |
| cofactor | Copper, iron or zinc are examples of a ______ |
| proteins | Almost all enzymes are _______ |
| forms of energy | heat, light, sound, electricial, mechanical, and chemical are all what? (3 words) |
| adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates | The three main parts of an ATP molecule are..... (separate answers by comma's) 5 words |
| high energy bond | The third phosphate of ATP is attached by a __________ (3 words) |
| ADP | ATP molecule that loses its terminal phosphate becomes _____ |
| 2 | ADP has ___ phosphates. (use #) |
| phophorylation | ATP can be resynthesized from an ADP by the process called _____________ |
| die | Without enough ATP, cells ______ |
| chemical | Most metabolic processes depend on ______ energy. |
| oxidation | Cells "burn" glucose molecules in a process called _______ |
| cellular metabolism | Energy released by oxidation of glucose is harnessed to promote ____ _____ |
| glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain | The three series of reactions of cellular respiration are (separate by commas) |
| carbon dioxide, water, energy | The three products of cellular respiration are (separate by commas, do not use word and) |
| ATP | In cellular respiration some energy is lost as heat but almost half is captured ____ |
| cytosol | Glycolysis occurs in _______ |
| anaerobic | Glycolysis is referred to as the ________ phase of respiration. |
| final electron acceptor | Oxygen acts as _____ ____ ______at the end of the electron transport chain. |
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