| Term | Definition |
| 955 | Otto I defeats Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeid and is crowned "Holy Roman Emperor" by the Pope |
| 1066 | William the Conqueror and the Normans conquer Britain at the Battle of Hastings |
| 1095 | Urban II calls for crusades to the Holy Land, declaring them to be the will of God |
| 1189-1199 | Richard I, "The Lionheart" rules England |
| 1198-1216 | Innocent III brings papal power to its height |
| 1208 | Francis of Assisi renounces his wealth |
| 1275-1292 | Polos are members of the court of Kublai Khan; Marco serves as roving ambassador |
| 400-900 | Dark Ages |
| 900-1500 | Middle Ages (between Ancient and Modern eras) |
| 1337-1453 | Hundred Year's War |
| 1347-1352 | Black Death |