Chpt. 15 Exploration and the Age of Religious Wars
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megan_7777 on February 20, 2012
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 French Religious Wars | Catholic monarchy imposed very heavy taxes on the people; the wealthy, the middle class switched over to Calvinism as a form of rebellions; major issue: iconoclasm. St. Bartholomew's massacre ordered by Catherine de Medici Catholics vs Huguenots, war of three henrys, because of weak Valios monarchy. |
| St. Bartholomew's Massacre | August 18, 1572. Queen Catherine de Medici of France orders the massacre of thousands of Protestants who attended the wedding in Paris of her daughter, Margaret, to Henry of Navarre. |
| Edict of Nantes (1589) | 1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants |
| Spanish Armada | The Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. |
| Phillip II | King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. |
| Catherine de Medici | Was the wife of Henry II (Valois). She acted as regent during the reign of her three weak and ineffective sons - Francis II (1559-60) Charles IX (1560-74) Henry III (1574-89). Ordered the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. |
| Thirty Years War (1618-1648) | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. |
| Westphalia (1648) | The Peace of Westphalia officialy end of the Thirty Years' War in Germany, recognized Calvinism as a legitimatereligion, Swiss Independence as well as the formation of the Dutch Republic. |
| Gustavus Adolphus | Joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen. |
| Henry IV | Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end. |
| Lord (Henry Darnley | One of Mary Queen of Scots husbands. He killed her favorite music teacher, and then was killed by Earl of Bothwell |
| Peace of Augsburg | It was turning point to the historic reformation and it ended the German religious warfare in 1555. It declared that Lutheranism was a legal, permanent religion along with Catholicism. It also stated that German princes could determine the religion over his subjects. |
| Elizabeth I | Tudor Queen of England. Succeeded Mary I in 1558 and ruled until 1603. In addition to leading the defeat of the Spanish Armada and developing England into a world power, she strengthened Protestantism. Daughter of Henry VIII. |
| Act of Supremacy (1559) | Repealed all of Mary Tudor's anti-protostant legeslation and asserted Elizabeth I's right as supreame govenor over spiritual and temporal affairs |
| John Knox | Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572) |
| entrepreneur | (n.) a person who starts up and takes on the risk of a business |
| Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. |
| Portugal | Country the the west of Spain; ruled by Henry the Navigator. One of the first two countries to lay claim to lands in the Americas. |
| Mary Queen of Scots | The daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. She was a devout Catholic. A public scandal forced her abdication from the throne and she went to England. Elizabeth I ordered her execution for her part to kill her. |
| Bohemia | Protestant kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire where the people defied their new ruler who tried to close down Protestant churches. It is in modern day Czechoslovakia. Czech (Bohemian) nobility was wiped out during the Bohemian phase of 30 Year's War, Ferdinand II redistributed Czech lands to aristocratic soldiers form all over Europe, serf conditions declined. |
| Vasco de Gama | A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean |
| 1492 | The year the Italian navigator, Christopher Columbus, who sailed with the support of the Spanish crown, arrived in the Americas. |
| South American Holocaust | *massive populatin losses in Central, South America 1492-1600 *reasons-disease(smallpox) a major factor *enslavement-Native Americans did not survive long under conditions of slavery and forced labor *guns gave technological advantage |
| Christopher Columbus | An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | The king and queen of Spain who gave Columbus the funds that he needed to find a route to Asia. |
| Hernando Cortes | 1.1519 Cortes army landed on Mexican coast,searching for gold 2.rumors of powerful, rich Aztec Empire 3. ancient Aztec prophecy about end of the world 4.marched 400 soldiers, 16 horses to Aztec capitol, negotiated with ruler, Montezuma II 5.1521 Aztecs revolt against Cortes 6.Cortes men soon conquered Aztecs in Mexico (begins domination of native americans) Achievements-superb pottery, textiles, bridges, tunnels, built roads, walls without mortar, postal system, human runners, medicine, surgery, Quechua language enforced, no writing:Knotted cords(quipu) |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. |
| John Cabot | Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498) |
| Francisco Pizarro | *New World conqueror; Spanish conqueror who crushed the Inca civilization in Peru; took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532. *Impact-Potosi mines probably largest industrial, economic operation in world at the time (enslaved Incas to work in Mones, 13,000 miners at work) |
| conquistadores | Spanish for conquerors. Men who traveled extensively through the Americas, leading small armies of men, and who established themselves as imperial rulers |
| encomiendas | Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. |
| Bartolome de las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476 |
| Mannerism | Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space. |
| Titian | (1490-1576) He produced portraits, religious subjects, and mythological scnees, developing techniques of painting in oil without doing elaborate drawings first, which speeded up the process and pleased patrons. He developed the artistic style known as mannerism in which artists distorted figures, exaggerated musculature, and heightened color to express emotion and drama more intently. *patronized by Charles V, Phillip II |
| Triangular Trade | The backbone of New England's economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum. |
| Hernando De Soto | *Spanish, vetran of Pizarro's conquest *helped ambush Inca ruler *reached Flordia in 1539 *explored SE, including western NC(Berry Farm) *ambushed by Choctaw in present dya Alabama *died of fever in 1542 |
| Magellan | Sailing for Spain, 1519-22, Portuguese explorer whose expedition completed first circumnavigation of world. Southwest passage around South America Died in Philippines. New geographic knowledge incorporated into map by Schoner - 1523. Subsequent searches for N.W. and N.E. passage by other European powers proved fruitless but did lead to establishment of trading connections in N. America and Archangel, Russia. |
| Plantation | *growing demand for laborers *natives unsuitable for plantation agriculture |
| joint-stock company | A business, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. |
| mercantilism | *emerging, dominant economic system, persist into 1700s *state plays a major role in controlling, regulating economy Main-Emphasis: 1. Large supplies of bullion(gold and silver)in ones treasury 2. Maintain favorable balance of trade -state protects industry, trade by monopolies, tariffs -price of foreign goods made more expensive -investment in new industries *government ensure domestic products purchased rather than foreign goods |
| Commerical Revolution | *rise of capitalism, product of changes and stimuli of more change 1. Social-effects-new wealth accumulated by middle class, they start to challenge nobles for political power -monarchs invest and encourage 2. other aspects -letters of credit -standardized banking practices -merchant ventures -joint-stock companies, invest based on risk-sharing |
| Montaigne | He was a French author who wrote the Essays, inventing the essay as a literary form. He is beloved by students around the world for this great achievement. He is known as the finest representative of early modern skepticism. He was a humanist who tried to learn more about himself. This self-knowledge and understanding teaches men and women how to live in accordance with nature and God. His tolerant mind was surprisingly civilized for a man of that time period, believing that no culture is greater than another. He was known for his rejection of dogma, his secularism, and his skepticism. |
| Tintoretto | *last of the great 16th century Venetian painters, tried to combine the bright colors of Titian & the masterful drawing of Michelangelo, his work shows dramatic excitement full of tension/action *greatest work is a series done for Scuola di San Rocco, scenes portray life of Christ and Virgin Marry |
| Brazil | Portugal got control of Brazil after the Treaty of Tordesillas |
| Capitalism | rose durring Commerical Revolution, product of changesand stimuliof more change |
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