eco ch 6
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Created by:
bethany_gilmore on February 20, 2012
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57 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Population | Members of the same species in the same area at the same time |
| Natality | Birth rates |
| Mortality | Death rates |
| Age structure | .distribution of individuals in age categories |
| Fecundity | .Number of eggs a female has (genetically determined in women same across the world) |
| Fertility | .number of fertile eggs a female has (social, change by location) |
| Productivity | .number of individuals that reach breeding age |
| Recruitment | .productivity + individuals that immigrate (regardless of age) |
| Populations have unique features that individuals do not have | .birth and death rates, growth rates, .age structure,.distribution (location range) , .density, external environmental factors like competition and.predation |
| Population ecologists are interested in factors that | make populations increase, decrease or remain the same |
| Sex ratios | Number of .males per females |
| .primary sex ratio | 1◦: sex ratio at fertilization |
| secondary sex ratio | at birth or hatching |
| tertiary and quaternary | affected by hunting |
| tertiary sex ratio | 3◦: sex ratio of juveniles |
| .quaternary sex ratio | 4◦: sex ratio of adults (often skewed) |
| monogomy | pair bonds ( the male helps raise the offspring seasonal or life time. can be seasonal (e.g. pin tail ducks, other ducks or life time (e.g. coyotes, Canada geese) ) |
| .polygamy | one individual has at least 2 mates |
| Polyandry | several males 1 female |
| Polygyny | several females per 1 male ( Ring-necked pheasant, elk, deer) |
| promiscuity | indiscriminant mating (Cottontails, bobcats, other felines) |
| Monogamous species | not sex specific hunting |
| Polygynous species | hunt the males |
| eusocial species | only ONE female reproduces in the colony (i.e. .queen BEES, termites, wasps - only mammal naked mole rats - .HORMONAL ) |
| Reproduction depends on the .age of the female | manage to protect some older females (e.g. trout actually produce more eggs- but may ) also protect more young females, since they may be healthier |
| The number of offspring produced during a particular period depends on | the number of females in each .class number of females that actually .reproduce and fecundity of each age class |
| impact of environment on reproduction | directly - reproduction rates (i.e. starvation) or indirectly -reproduction rates (i.e. .competition) |
| additive mortality factors | added together to decrease numbers |
| compensatory mortality factors | these factors replace other factors that kill individuals,( so the total mortality is lower than additive mortality) HUNTING NOT |
| Factors that increase deaths or decrease births | density dependent(center of their geographic range) and independent (peripheral) rate of population : (.b+I )- (d+e) (always expressed as a percentage) |
| negative r | population size is decreasing |
| birth and death rates differ with | .age structure and .sex ratios of the population |
| exponential growth | it would look like a "J" shaped curve |
| 1HA (hectaire) | 2.5 acres |
| problems arise from exponential growth | Decreased .food and.space Increased .disease and.competition |
| as N approaches K | K - N = 0, rN*0 = 0 so the population does not grow |
| K curve | is .sigmoidal (S=shaped) ( One can actually get a negative growth rate to get below K) |
| K is decided by | food , cover and water |
| r at its maximum growth | .at half % of K |
| K is effected by | density dependent factors |
| ecological periods | pre, reproductive post |
| Age structure | ratio of various age classes to each other |
| To determine an animal's age | tag or census (growth rings on carnivore teeth,bird wings,fish scales) |
| age pyramid | portrays age structure |
| .Life Table | give a systematic picture of mortality and survival |
| cohort | group of individuals born at the same period of time |
| mortality rate (q) | .l+d=100%= q% Number of deaths/ number surviving |
| Type .I survivorship curve | mammals |
| type II | Adult birds, rodents, reptiles, perennial plants |
| Type III | Oysters, fish, invertebrates turtles |
| "ecological density" | the number of individuals/available living space |
| population density | #/area |
| random distribution | spiders and trees |
| clumped distribution | schools and herds (most common) |
| .uniform distribution | due to competition and territory |
| how do we determine population size | census, estimate, index mathematical calculation |
| management of populations | intrinsic and extrinsic (DD easiest to manage) |
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