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age discrimination negative behavior toward older people; acting on the basis of stereotypes (occurs in workforce, health care) ageism a systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old (discrimination = denied opportunities because they are old. prejudice = negative stereotypes about old people) chronological age number of years a person has lived cohort the aggregate of individuals who experienced the same event within the same time interval (i.e., all freshmen regardless of age) cohort aging the continuous advancement of a cohort from one age category to another over its life span cohort effect a difference due to the experiences or characteristics of the particular cohort to which an individual belongs frail elderly older people who depend on others for carrying out their daily activities; they show some mental or physical deterioration and need care from family members functional age a definition of age based on how people look and what they can do; in functional terms, a person becomes old when he/she can no longer perform the major roles of adulthood generation a term applied to studies of family processes; refers to kinship links (great-grandparents, grandparents, children, grandchildren) gerontology the scientific study of the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging middle-old people aged 75 to 84 oldest-old people 85 or older senescence the study of the biological processes that cause mental and physical decline in old age social gerontology the study of the social aspects of aging (interested in family relationships, health, economics, retirement, widowhood, and care of the frail elderly) social roles a set of expectations or guidelines for people who occupy a given position of status, such as widow, grandfather, or retiree somewhat impaired elderly people who are beginning to experience chronic ailments and need some assistance from family or community service agencies stereotypes a composite of ideas and beliefs attributed to people as a group or social category subjective age identity how people subjectively define their age; most important factors in determining this identity are activity level and health successful aging the attainment of peak physical and psychological functioning and participation in rewarding social activities well elderly people who are healthy and active, involved in social and leisure activities, often employed or busy with volunteer work, still carrying out family responsibilities, and fully engaged in the life of the community young-old people 65 to 74