Chapter 10 Muslim Civilizations
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SHELBYpMILLER on February 21, 2012
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Bedouins | Nomadic herders. |
| Muhammad | the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632). |
| Mecca | Bustling market town at the crossroads of several caravan routes. |
| Yathrib | Final destination of Muhammad's hijra and the home of the first community of Muslims. |
| Hijra | Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina in 662. |
| Medina | "City of the Prophet". |
| Kaaba | The most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca. |
| Quran | The sacred text of Islam, teaches that god is all powerful and compassionate. |
| Mosques | Muslim house of worship. |
| Hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca |
| Jihad | Struggle in gods service. |
| Sharia | A body of law that includes interpretation of the Quran. |
| Abu Bakr | Muhammad's father in law and early convert to Islam. |
| Caliph | Successor to Muhammad. |
| Sunni | A member of one of the largest Muslim sects. They believe that inspiration came from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his early followers. |
| Shiite | Believe that the descendants of Muhammad's daughter and son in law, Ali, are the true Muslim leaders. |
| Sufis | Muslim mystics who seek communion with god. |
| Umayyads | members of the Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled a Muslim empire from 661 to 750. |
| Abbasid | The dynasty that came after the Umayyads. Devoted their energy to trade, scholorship, and the arts. |
| Baghdad | capital and largest city of Iraq. |
| Minarets | Tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer. |
| Sultan | the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire). |
| Social Mobility | The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another. Social standing is based on degrees of wealth, prestige, education and power. |
| Firdawsi | A great poet who wrote the epic Shah Nama which is a prodigious collection of tales and anecdotes. |
| Omar Khayyám | Persian poet, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher; author of The Rubaiyat, a collection of poems about a man who celebrates the simple pleasures in life. |
| Calligraphy | the art of beautiful handwriting. |
| Ibn Rushd | Muslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam. |
| Ibn Khaldun | Set standards for the scientific study of history. |
| al-Khwarizmi | muslim mathematician who created the technique of "al-jabr" or algebra. |
| Muhammad al-Razi | the head physician of Baghdad's chief hospital, wrote many books including on measles and small pox, challenged and accepted medical practices. |
| Ibn Sina | The famous Islamic scientist and philosopher who organized the medical knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs into the Canon of Medicine. |
| Sultan | the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire). |
| Delhi | Capital of the Mugal empire in Northern India. |
| Rajah | Local Hindu rulers, in place. |
| Babur | brilliant general who laid the foundation for the Mughal Empire. |
| Mughal | Persian word for "Mongal". |
| Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India. He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. |
| Nur Jahan | The wife of Jahangir who did most of the ruling, most powerful ruler in Indian History. |
| Shah Jahan | Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666). |
| Taj Mahal | beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife. |
| Ottomans | A Turkish-speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia into Northwestern Asia Minor. |
| Istanbul | Capital of the Ottoman Empire. |
| Suleiman | Ottoman sultan who brought the Ottoman Empire to its height; he succeeded in defeating the Habsburgs and capturing Vienna. |
| Janizaries | elite force of the Ottoman army. |
| Safavid | The shi'ite muslim dynasty that ruled in persia between the 16th and 18th centuries. |
| Shah | The Safavid king. |
| Shah Abbas | Also known as Abbas the Great, took the throne in 1587 and helped create the Safavid culture. |
| Isfahan | Capital of the Safavid empire. |
| Qajars | dynasty that won control of Iran. |
| Tehran | the capital and largest city of Iran. |
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