| Term | Definition |
|---|
| dura mater | outermost protective layer: tough, inelastic membrane |
| pia mater | very fine membrane that follow grooves of sulci and gyri |
| Brodmann's Zones | cytoarchitectural areas of human cortex |
| column | 10-30 micrometers in width; all possess approximately the same number of cells (110); extends from pia mater to white matter. Cells within a column have similar properties (e.g. receptive field position, respond to same stimulus features, etc.) |
| Basket cells | inhibitory neuron extending horizontally to neighboring columns: enhances one column by tuning down adjacent neighboring columns |
| cortical column | appear to be the functional (modular) processing unit of cortex |
| visual projection pathway | retina-to-lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus-to-primary visual cortex-to-extrastriate cortical areas |
| lines of orientation | the spatial orientation of the bar of light |
| hypercolumns | a set of individual columns, one for each eye, containing all possible lines of orientation preferences for given retina area mapping some small section of visual space |
| magno cells | interpret spatial organization; position of objects in 3D space; evolved earlier, more primitive system |
| parvo cells | specialized for detailed scene analysis: shape, color, surface properties/texture. evolved later in development: duplicated and improved on magno system |
| "Grandmother cell" theory | a hierarchical coding hypothesis in which elementary features are combined to create an object. highest cell in chain encodes all stimulus features leading up to it |
| "ensemble coding" | holds that object recognition results from activation of visual cells that specialize in extracting/coding specific inter-related features of an object. Object recognition is not due to a single unit, but rather a collective activation of simultaneous features, or defining properties of object |
| outer hair cells | have convergent pattern of innervation: many connect with few primary auditory fibers: many-to-one. Primarily function for mechanical amplication |
| inner hair cells | have a divergent pattern: one-to-many; primary means of doing frequency coding; 90% of auditory nerve composed of spiral ganglion cells innervated by IHCs |
| auditory projection system | hair cells in inner ear, to cochlear nucleus (brainstem), to inferior collicus (midbrain), to medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus), to Heschl's gyrus (cerebral cortex-temporal lobe) |
| classical model | hierarchical view wherein 'primary sensory cortex' initially received direct thalamic input from specific nuclei and performed first level of analysis. this was then passed on to secondary sensory cortex for more elaborated processing. the highest level of processing was attained in association cortex regions. |
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