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cultural encapsulation process of working with clients from an ethnocentric perspective, where one does not effectively understand the world view and culture of origin of the client, nor do they integrate this knowledge into the counseling process. characteristics of paternalism vast power difference and large inequalities between dominant group and minority group, repressive system of control, caste system caste system a closed stratified system-no mobility between social positions what is a paternalistic relationship? members of the minority group are viewed as being docile, childlike, in need of supervision chattel slave=property central components of slavery for life, status was inherited, considered property, denied rights, coercion was used to maintain the system why were africans enslaved instead of native americans? more distinct physical and cultural traits, not familiar with territory, lacked organization, ideological belief that they were a different form of humanity how was slavery in Brazil different? more tolerant attitudes due to earlier contact, more intermixing, saw them as unfortunate human beings, they had certain legal rights (marry freely, seek out another master if dealt with harshly, buy freedom) Dred Scott v Sanford African americans had no rights and could never become citizens of the US emancipation proclamation Prez Lincoln proclaimed slaves to be free and authorized armed forces of US to enlist free slaves 13th amendment (1865) slavery abolished 14th amendment (1868) anyone born in US is a citizen and the state cannot make or enforce laws that abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. States cannot deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law Civil Rights Act (1866) Declared Blacks to be citizens of the United States, gave them equal civil rights, and gave federal courts jurisdiction over cases arising under the act. (later in 14th amendment) backlash against african americans after the civil war KKK, Jim Crow Laws, voting restrictions, Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal) voting restrictions poll tax, literacy test, grandfather clause, property ownership restrictions Jim Crow Laws state and local laws such as segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. de jure segregation laws mandating racial separation and inequality de facto segregation racial separation and inequality that appears to result from voluntary choices about where to live and work. Booker T. Washington (functionalist) emphasized blacks just need to work hard W.E.B. Du Bois (conflict theory) formed the Niagara movement and believed Blacks should protest to get justice NAACP- national association for the advancement of colored people Niagara movement partnered with white liberals to form a group that focused on a legal and legislative strategy Brown Vs Board of education of Topeka (1954) segregated schools is unconstitutional Marcus Gavey (anti-assimilationist) organized Universal Negro Improvement Association whose goal was to help African Americans leave US and settle in Liberia Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. founded Southern Christian Leadership Conference to gain civil rights through nonviolent protest and confrontation Civil disobedience belief that people have the right to disobey the law under certain circumstances through active nonviolent resistance and willingness to accept suffering without retaliating. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Banned discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion, gender factors that facilitated the success of the civil rights movement? support from other groups, influence of the mass media, movement embraced the dominant American values and beliefs, changing economic/social/political environment factors that inhibit another future black protest movement? there is no clear-cut enemy in the 21st century, Black class structure has become highly differentiated, institutional strength of the Black community African American reparations movement has been unsuccessful because... people directly effected by slavery are no longer alive, Malcolm X (anti-assimilationist) emphasized black power. Black muslims advocate for a seperate nation in the US according to the culture of poverty model poor people develop patterns of values and ways of coping (not working hard, not valuing school) with difficulties and pass these down from one generation to the next according to the ethnic resource model cultural strengths (extended families, strong kinship bonds) have protected the Black family from effects of slavery and recent pattern of black male unemployment marital assimilation in African-Americans less common than among other racial and ethnic groups, went up rapidly since the 1960's primary assimilation in African-Americans less common than contact in the "public" sphere secondary assimilation in African-Americans most common, however large gaps still persist between whites and blacks in regards to income, jobs, education, and housing proclamation of 1763 all land west of Appalachian mountains was "Indian Country." Settlers must acquire legal title to their land from Indians or return to the colonies (seperatism) northwest territory ordinance (1787) good faith shall always be observed toward the Indians;their property, rights, and liberty shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress. (separatism) Cherokee nation v Georgia (1831) Indian tribes are sovereign nations, but some limitations on sovereignty (separatism) Worcester v. Georgia (1832) a tribe was a "distinct community" with self-government in which state laws have no force. It established the doctrine that the national government of the United States, and not individual states, had authority in American Indian affairs. (separatism) Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) created in 1824 to coordinate federal relations with Indians. Leaders were often replaced by white-controlled leaders and they supervised reservations and administered supplies. (anglo-conformity) Dawes Allotment Act divided land into tracts that were allotted to members of the tribes, increased the power of the BIA who regulated it, overall led to loss of indian land (anglo-conformity) sending Native American children to boarding schools was an example of anglo-conformity Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 was problematic to some because they thought if Indians were citizens they would lose some of their rights as Indians (anglo-conformity) acculturation the process by which one group (generally a minority or immigrant group) learns the culture of another group (generally the dominant group) termination policy (1953) tribes no longer exist as legally recognized entities, all laws and treaties in effect nullified. Native Americans were to become subject to state and federal taxes as well as laws, from which they had previously been exempt.(anglo-conformity) Indian Reorganization act (1934) restored the right of indian tribes to govern themselves, boarding schools dismantled, rescinded Dawes Allotment Act Indian Civil Rights Act/ Self Determination Act (1975) renunciation of termination policy, terminated tribes may apply for federal recognition, "remain indians while exercising their rights as Americans." The Society for American Indians (1911) wanted to create a "Pan-Indian Identity," integrationists (pursue goals within framework of society), major goals: abolish BIA, citizenship to all Indians New Tribalism/Red Power 1960's and 70's stressed self-determination and pride in heritage, had "fish-ins" to combat regulation of indian fishing, occupied alcatraz island The American Indian movement argued for Indian sovereignty and protection of indian treaties. In 80's and 90's they fought for right to sell cigarettes without being taxed, misuse of cultural symbols (team mascots) American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978) It was enacted to protect and preserve the traditional religious rights and cultural practices of American Indians including access of sacred sites, freedom to worship through ceremonial and traditional rights and use and possession of objects considered sacred. (allowed them to use peyote and eagle feathers) Indian Removal Act (1830) forced all of the Indians in the southeastern states to move west of the Mississippi and led to the "trail of tears" Trail of Tears forced relocation and movement of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Took about 20 years during which more than 15,000 people died. blood-quantum/self-identification ... secondary assimilation in Native Americans due to long history of conflict, participation in these spheres in uncommon. Native Americans have the 2nd highest dropout rate, lowest number in college prep courses, etc. primary assimilation in Native Americans if Native Americans stay on the reservation this is uncommon but if they live in urban areas this is common cultural assimilation in Native Americans Native americans are working to maintain tribal language, religious practices. This and the development of pan-Indian culture assure that they will be able to remain American Indians even as they continue to assimilate the dominant culture. marital assimilation in Native Americans intermarriage is quite common compared to other groups, but depends on if the area has a small or large population of Native Americans secondary labor market high-turnover, low-pay, and usually part time and/or temporary jobs primary labor market high-wage paying jobs, social security, and longer lasting careers millenarian movements belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society, after which all things will be changed, based on a one-thousand-year cycle. manifest destiny 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent and spread republican democracy Assimilationist High Assimilation/Low Ethnic Identity Biculturalist High Assimilation/High Ethnic Identity Marginalist Low Assimilation/Low Ethnic Identity Traditionalist Low Assimilation/High Ethnic Identity christian identity believe that the white race are the only descendants of Adam, Jews are the source of all evil, Blacks are second most evil and are used as pawns by the Jews xenophobia fear of immigrants/foreigners. Fear that white people will become a minority anti-statism blaming the government for the crisis in white America. Two main features are minority advantages and Jewish control of the government. RAHOWA RAcial HOly WAr