Chapter 13 and 14 study guide
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Created by:
GabiSchwartz on February 22, 2012
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75 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 1.Truman | US-was anticommunist and suspicious of Stalin. He thought we had to stand up to the Russians |
| 2.Eisenhower | US-was convinced the key to victory in the cold war was not simply military might, but also a strong economy. He was very willing to threaten nuclear war to maintain the peace. |
| 3.Stalin | Soviet Union- a communist leader. Was leader of the Soviet Union during the holocaust |
| 4.Khrushchev | Soviet Union- emerged as leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin's death. He delivered a "secret speech" to Soviet leaders. He attacked Stalin's policies and insisted there were many ways to build a Communist society. |
| 5.Mao Zedong | - China. the communist forces led by him had been struggling against the nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-Shek |
| 6.De Gaulle-France | was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969. |
| 7.Chiang Kai-Shek | China- led the nationalist government in China. |
| 8.Castro-Cuba | overthrew the corrupt Cuban dictator (Fulgencio Batista) and established ties with the Soviet Union. He also insisted drastic land reforms, and seized foreign owned businesses (many of them were in America). Was attacked in the Bay of Pigs, but was prepared for the attack and defeated the Americans. |
| 9.Churchill | Great Britain- attended the Yalta Conference. |
| 10.Kennedy | US-Won the election of 1960, was assassinated in 1963 |
| 1.George Kennan | a diplomat who came up with the Long Telegram. He said the Soviet's view of the world came from a traditional "Russian sense of insecurity" and fear of the west, intensified by the communist ideas of Lenin and Stalin. He proposed what became the American policy throughout the Cold War. "A long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies." |
| 2.Foster Dullas | Secretary of State who defended Eisenhower's willingness to threaten nuclear war to maintain the peace. |
| 3.Rosenberg's | spies accused of selling secrets of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union, they denied the charges but were condemned to death for espionage. |
| 4.Alger Hiss | a lawyer and diplomat who had served in Roosevelt's administration who attended the Yalta Conference and took part in organizing the UN. |
| 5.Dean Acheson - | Presidential adviser who saw the Russians wanting to control the vital route from the Soviet Black Sea ports to the Mediterranean as the first step in a Soviet plan to control the Mideast and he advised Truman to make a show of force. |
| 6.Francis Gary Powers | - 8 years before his plane drowned, Americans were ready for a change in power. Eisenhower was chosen by the Republicans to be the nominee for president. |
| 7.Joseph McCarthy | - Senator who said there were Communists in the U.S. This led to McCarthyism. |
| 8. Whittaker Chambers | a Time magazine editor and former communist Party member who testified to HUAC that several government officials were also former Communists or spies. The most famous person he named was Alger Hiss. |
| 9. George Marshall | Secretary of State who proposed the Marshall plan, which would give European nations American aid to rebuild their economies. |
| 10. Dr. Spock - | wrote the "how to" book: The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care. His philosophy was liberal in the sense that Children reared as idealistic individuals would achieve happy and productive lives. |
| a. Fall of Czechoslovakia | Jan Masaryk |
| b. Fall of China | Taiwan |
| c. Soviet A-Bomb | Arms Race |
| a. Truman Doctrine | Truman's idea to give aid free to peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. It was to immediately effect the Greek government and to ease Soviet demands in Turkey. It pledged the US to end the spread or communism, worldwide. |
| i. Containment | The policy of keeping communism within its present territory with the use of diplomatic, economic, and military actions. |
| ii. Domino Theory | The idea that if one country fell to communism, all the others in its path will fall also. This was proven when many European countries, as well as China and Korea, fell to communism. |
| b. Marshall Plan | A European Recovery Program, which would give European nations American aid to rebuild their economies. Truman saw the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine as both essential for containment. Marshall offered to help to all nations planning a recovery program. This program was rejected by the Soviet Union and its satellite states but was a great help to the Western European recovery. |
| d. GI Bill | Act that provided generous loans to veterans to help them establish business, buy homes, and attend collage |
| e. Fair Deal | Truman's program to raise the minimum wage, expand Social Security, increase low-income housing, enact civil rights legislation, provide national health insurance and farmer subsidies; Congress passed only a few of these initiatives |
| f. Brinksmanship | The willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down. President Eisenhower felt it was necessary t threaten nuclear war in order to maintain peace. |
| g. Massive Retaliation | The policy that enabled Eisenhower to cut military spending and increase America's nuclear arsenal in order to successfully threated to use nuclear weapons if a Communist state tried to seize territory by force. |
| a. Berlin Blockade (Airlift) | When the US, Great Britain, and France disagreed with the Soviets plans for Germany, they joined together to create West Germany that was completely separate from the Soviets East Germany. The Soviets believed that this would cause them to never receive the reparations they wanted to they cut all roads and railways into West Berlin. Since no supplies were able to get into Berlin, Truman ordered the Berlin airlift to begin bringing supplies, such as medicine, coal, food, and weapons. |
| b. Hungarian Revolt | Following Stalin's death, Khrushchev rose to power and delivered a speech called the "Secret Speech." In it, he attacked Stalin's policies and insisted there were many ways to build communism. Eisenhower received a copy of the speech through the CIA and arranged to broadcast it to Eastern Europe in an effort to undermine the Communist rule. Riots began erupting throughout Eastern Europe after they heard the speech. Soon after the uprising, Soviets invaded Budapest, Hungary and crushed the rebellion. |
| c. Suez Crisis | Eisenhower's goal in the Middle East was to prevent Arab nations from aligning with the Soviet Union. He offered to help the Egyptians to finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River. However, this caused a great deal of trouble because Egypt had bough weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia. We were forced to withdraw the offer and then the Egyptian troops seized control of the Suez Canal from the Anglo-French company that controlled it, in order to use the profit to pay for the dam. In response, the British and French invaded Egypt and the Soviet Union threatened rocket attacks on them. Eisenhower was furious and put American nuclear forced on alert causing the British and French to call off the invasion and resulted in Soviet Victory. |
| d. Korean War | This was a turning point in the war because it expanded the Cold War to Asia and embarked on a major US military buildup. After WWII, the US and Soviet Union entered Korea to disarm the Japanese troops there. The Allies divided it at the 18th Parallel; Soviets controlled the north and Americans controlled the south. The north became communist and the south remained under American based government. This caused a clash because both sides wanted to rule all of Korea. Eventually, the north invaded the south in order to gain back that land. Truman saw this is a test of the containment policy so he called the UN to act and sent naval and airpower. Close to a North Korean victory, the US retaliated and pushed them back past the 38th parallel. When the Chinese got involved and launched an invasion MacArthur demanded a blockage of Chinese ports. Truman denied this and MacArthur was fired and replaced by Ridgeway. |
| e. Berlin Wall | The Berlin Wall was a symbol of the Cold War division between East and West. It was constructed by Khrushchev to seal off the Soviet sector of Berlin. No one was allowed to pass through it and It was guarded at all times by soldiers ordered to shoot anyone trying to escape. |
| g. Bay of Pigs Invasion | When Castro rose to power in Cuba, he began a close friendship with the Soviet Union. This worried Americans that the Communists were too close for comfort. They were scared that the Soviets would use Cuba as a base to spread Communism so Kennedy authorized the CIA to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. This was, however, a disaster and embarrassment. The US was defeated and Kennedy called off the rest of the invasion. |
| h. Cuban Missile Crisis | During the Kennedy era, Americans found out that Soviets had sent missiles to Cuba. We sent spy places to take pictures showing that they missiles so close to the US were a huge threat. So, Kennedy ordered a blockade to stop the Soviets from delivering more missiles and demanded the dismantling of the existing missile sites. Finally the US and Soviets came to an agreement that they would remove the missiles if the US promised not to invade Cuba. |
| a. NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a mutual defense alliance that included the US, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, and Iceland. These countries agreed that they would come to aid of any member who was attacked. |
| b. Warsaw Pact | Military alliance in Eastern Europe created by Soviet Union |
| c. SEATO | Southeast Asia Treaty Organization; |
| d. OAS | The Organization of American States; |
| a. McCarthyism | McCarthy, the chairman of the Senate subcommittee on investigations, used his power to force government officials to testify about alleged Communist influences. Her turned the investigations into a witch-hunt based on flimsy evidence and irrational fears. This became known as McCarthyism. A tactic of damaging reputations with vague and unfounded charges; named after Joseph McCarthy, Wisconsin Senator, after his unscrupulous investigation of alleged Communists |
| i. HUAC | House Un-American Activities Committee; formed to investigate both communist and fascist activities in the US |
| b. Rosenberg Spy Case | The Rosenberg's were a New York couple that was believed to be members of the Communist Party and Soviet spies. They denied these charges and condemned to death. Many thought that they were innocent, however, they were executed anyways and later found true that they were Soviet spies. |
| c. Baby Boom | After WWII, the American birthrate boomed. More then 65 million children were born in the US. This was caused by many factors. First, young couples had delayed marriage during WWI and could now marry, build homes, and start families. Second, the government encouraged growth of families by offering generous GI benefits. Lastly, pop culture greatly encouraged pregnancy, parenthood, and large families. |
| d. Sputnik | Sputnik was the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth, launched by the Soviet Union. This alarmed the US that they were falling behind in missile technology so Eisenhower created NASA and organized research in rocket science and space exploration. |
| e. Nuremberg Trial | This was the trial of 22 Nazi German leaders that were prosecuted. Three were set free, seven were given prison sentences, and 12 were hanged. |
| f. Rock and Roll | In the early 50's rock and roll emerged as the music of the generation. It was a new era of African American rhythm and blues that whites were buying and dancing to. |
| g. Beat Movement | A group of white artist who called themselves the beats highlighted a values gap in the 50's in the US. They sought to live unconventional lives as fugitives from a culture they despised. They highly considered the sterility and conformity of American life, meaningless politics, and emptiness of pop culture. |
| a. CIA | Central Intelligence Agency; U.S. government agency responsible for gathering and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad for the national interest |
| c. ICBM (Jupiter Bases) | Intercontinental ballistic missiles; Eisenhower begin the development of ICBMs that could deliver bombs anywhere in the world. |
| g. NASA | National Aeronautics and Space Administration; created by Eisenhower after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik. He wanted to begin research on rockets and space exploration. |
| h. Iron Curtain | Separated the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the west. |
| j. Satellite Nation | The communist countries of Easter Europe that had to remain communist and friendly to the Soviet Union, as well as following Soviet approved policies. Communist countries of Eastern Europe that adhered to Soviet policies |
| k. Space Race | The Cold War competition over dominance of space exploration capability. This was mainly between the US and Soviet Union. |
| l. Military Industrial Complex | an informal relationship that some people believe exists between the military and the defense industry to promote greater military spending and influence government policy |
| o. Radio Free Europe | An American sponsored radio station that controlled and provided information in Europe. |
| p. H-Bomb | Hydrogen bomb |
| q. Levittown | Levittown, New York was one of the earliest of the new suburbs. |
| a. General Assembly | Assembly of every country in the world. No one was excluded from representation unless they wanted to be. They mainly did humanitarian work around the world and sanctioned countries in need. |
| b. Security Council | They were the decision makers that consisted of the US, Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China as permanent members and eight additional rotating members. |
| c. Veto | Any of the permanent members of the Security Council had the right to veto a law. Even if every other member agrees, and they are the only one who disagrees, it will not be passed. |
| b. Division of Europe | The agreement of what to do with the various sections of Europe that was in ruins after WWII. Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to let Poland decide their own government that was decided to be free and sovereign. They also agreed on the division of Germany. |
| c. Division of Germany | Germany was divided into four zones: Great Britain, US, Soviet Union, and France. |
| d. Division of Berlin | Berlin was also divided into four zones: Great Britain, US, Soviet Union, and France. |
| The UN | The international peace keeping body. Broken into 2 parts: The General assembly- every country in the worl is included. They make RECOMENDATIONS on how to spend money. They also do humanitarian stuff. Then there is the security council- they are the DECISION makers. The permanent members were the winners of WW2 (US, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, and China). All 5 members share the veto. All 5 members have to agree to pass something. They all wanted peace when the UN started, BUT when the cold war started, the US & The Soviet Union didn't get along- this made the UN become very innefective. (both sides vetoed each other a lot). |
| New look (Eisenhower Plan) | Acting crazy with the context of Brinksmanship. Making the opponent think you are crazy so they will back down. |
| Point Four | U.S. foreign aid project aimed at providing technological skills, knowledge, and equipment to poor nations throughout the world. |
| U-2 Incident | Spy plane that went up and took pictures in Russia. It almost lead to a war because the Russians said we were violating their air space. We denied it. This all indicated that we were out to get eachother (there was no sign of peace) |
| KGB | the national security agency of the Soviet Union from 1954 until 1991, and was the premier internal security, intelligence, and secret police organization during that time. |
| SAM | a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles. Surface to Air Mistles |
| MAD | Mutual Assured Destruction. If one missile went off, everyone would die. |
| Civil Defence | an effort to protect the citizens of a state (generally non-combatants) from military attack. It uses the principles of emergency operations: prevention, mitigation, preparation, response, or emergency evacuation, and recovery. Buiding bomb bases to be protected from a nuclear attack? |
| Buffer zone | was increasingly fearful of the rising power of the USSR, but agreed that she was entitled to a buffer zone in eastern Europe. |
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