| Term | Definition |
|---|
| phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species of group of species |
| systematic | an analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present-day and extinct |
| molecular systematics | the comparison of nucleic acids or other molecules in different species to interfere relatedness |
| fossil record | the ______ ____ is based on the sequenc ein which fossils have accumulated in such strata |
| analogy | similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait |
| homeoplasy | similar structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two species |
| genus | the first part of a species' name is the ______ (plural, genera) to which the species belongs |
| specific epithet | the second part of a species' name is the ______ ______, which is unique for each species within the genus |
| family; orders; classes; phyla; kingdoms; domains | they placed related genera into the same _________, grouped families into _________, orders into ________, classes into ________, phyla into ___________, and kingdoms into ____________ |
| phylogenetic trees | systematists use branching diagrams called ___________ _______ to depict their hypotheses about evolutionary relationships |
| cladogram | patterns of shared characteristics can be depicted in a diagram called a _________ |
| clade | a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants |
| cladistics | the anaylsis of how species may be grouped into clades |
| monophyletic | a valid clade is _________, signifying that it consists of the ancestral species and all its descendants |
| paraphyletic | when we lack info about some members of a clade, the result is a ________ grouping that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants |
| shared primitive character | a character that is shared beyond the taxon we are trying to define |
| shared derived character | an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
| outgroup; ingroup | an ________ is a species or group of species that is closely related to the ________, the various species we are studying |
| phylogram | in a _________, the length of a branch reflects the number of changes that have taken place in a particular DNA sequence in that lineage |
| ultrimetric tree | in an _________ ________, the branching paptterning is the same as in the phylogram but all the branches can be traced from the common ancestor to the present are of equal length |
| maximum parsimony | according to this principle, we should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts |
| maximum likelihood | this principle states that, given certain rules abotu how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events |
| orthologous genes | refer to homologous genes that are passed in a straight line from one generation to the next, but have ended up in different gene pools because of speciation |
| paralogous genes | _________ _______ result from gene duplication |
| molecular clock | a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates |
| neutral theory | the hypothesis that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore isn't influenced by Darwinian natural selection |
| horizontal gene transfer | genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, and perhaps through fusions of different organisms |
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