| Term | Definition |
|---|
| boiling-point elevation | the difference between the boiling point of a liquid in pure state and the boiling point of the liquid in solution |
| colligative property | a property that is determined by the number of particles present in a system but that is independent of the properties of the particles themselves |
| dissociation | the separating of a molecule into simpler molecules, atoms, radicals, or ions |
| freezing-point depression | the difference between the freezing points of a pure solvent and a solution, which is directly proportional to the amount of solute present |
| hydronium ion | an ion consisting of a proton combined with a molecule of water; H3O+ |
| net ionic equation | an equation that includes only those compounds and ions that undergo a chemical change in a reaction in an aqueous solution |
| nonvolatile substance | a substance that has little tendency to become a gas under existing conditions |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water or another solvent from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a membrane that is permeable to the solvent |
| osmotic pressure | the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis |
| semipermeable membrane | a membrane that permits the passage of only certain molecules |
| spectator ions | ions that are present in a solution in which a reaction is taking place but that do not participate in the reactiov |
| strong electrolyte | a compound that completely or largely dissociates in an aqueous solution, such as soluble mineral salts |
| weak electrolyte | a compound that dissociates only to a small extent in aqueous solution |
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