Data

Copy and paste the text below. It is read-only. Select All

DNA A molecule that is found in all living things, contains the information that gives living things the traits that they need to survive What DNA Does Gives you characteristics and traits, such as eye color, height, hair texture, etc. DNA's Two Jobs It is an instruction manual that builds and maintains cells, it makes copies of itself in order for cells to divide, creating two cells with identical DNA Double Helix The "ladder" or "spiral staircase" of a DNA molecule Backbone of Double Helix Constructed of alternating Deoxyribose Sugars and Phosphates Rungs of Double Helix The Nitrogen Bases, which combine with hydrogen bonds to form the two sides of the molecule The Nitrogen Bases in DNA Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine The Pairs of Nitrogen Bases Adenine pairs with Thymine, Guanine pairs with Cytosine Rosalind Franklin Made the first image of an actual DNA molecule using X-ray diffraction, this is how we learned that DNA has a spiral shape Watson and Crick In 1953, they made the first ever model of DNA, and won the Nobel Prize for it Erwin Chargaff In the 1950's found equal amounts between certain nitrogen bases in DNA molecules Chargaff's Rules The theory that Adenine always pairs with Thymine and Guanine always pairs with Cytosine DNA Copying Occurs in interphase, how DNA is replicated to two separate cells DNA Copying Step 1 The DNA molecule unwinds and separates like a zipper DNA Copying Step 2 Bases on each open strand set the pattern for the new strand DNA Copying Step 3 Free nitrogen bases floating in the nucleus pair up with the bases on each half of the unzipped DNA DNA Copying Step 4 Each new molecule is identical, half of each molecule is new, the other half old How DNA Fits The two meters of DNA in every cell in your body is wound, coiled, and bundled to fit inside every cell Code Carries information, the order of the bases on one side of the double helix Gene A piece of the code that gives the cell information on the trait it controls Reading the Code of DNA The code of DNA is split into groups of three and read left to right Example of Three Letter Combination in Code The combination of AGC is a code for an amino acid called serine Environmental Causes of Mutations Damage from agents such as ultraviolet light (sunshine), nuclear radiation, or certain chemicals Causes of Mutations by Action of DNA Mistakes that occur when a cell copies to prepare for cell division, changes in the number, type, or order of the nitrogen bases in the DNA The Types of Mutations Insertion, Deletion, and Substitution Insertion When a base is added to the pair of bases Deletion When a base is left out from the pair of bases Substitution When the wrong base is used in the pair of bases The Possible Results of Mutations No change, an improved trait, or a harmful trait Clone An organism with an exact copy of the DNA from another organism Cloning History The first animals cloned were sheep, recently a household cat was cloned for the first time, the new clone being named Copycat