abnormal psych chapter 5
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58 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anxiety | Apprehension about a future threat |
| fear | response to an immediate threat |
| arousal, anxiety, and stress | which three terms are used interchangeably, as synonyms for one another |
| arousal | refers to the composite (blend) of physiological (bodily) and psychological (mental) activity in a person at a given point in time |
| arousal, comatose, frenzied | ____ levels vary naturally throughout the day and vary on a continuum from ____ (i.e., low) to ___ (i.e., high |
| is not | arousal is or is not directionally associated with an event's pleasantness. |
| RAS (Reticular Activating System) thalamic nuclei (Thalamus) frontal cortex | Brain mechanisms involved in arousal include the |
| RAS | The __ is a network of nerve fibers that originates in the medulla oblongata (brain stem area) and proceeds up through the midbrain into the neocortex, the place where thought is processed. |
| is to detect new and novel stimuli. ---alerts the brain '' | The task of the RAS is to __ __ ___ ___When something new or different is perceived in the environment, the RAS alerts the ___to possible danger by causing an ''arousal state.'' If a stimulus, such as a sound, is repetitive in nature, the RAS calms the brain and causes it to enter various peaceful states, depending upon the nature of the stimulus. |
| ADAPTIVE, MODERATE | Arousal in short spurts is ____. We perform better under ___ arousal, but optimal performance varies with task difficulty |
| ANXIETY | a negative emotional state characterized by nervousness worry apprehension scanning of the environment and associated physiological activation/arousal |
| thought/cognitive component physiological/bodily/somatic component | 2 COMPONENTS OF ANXIETY |
| inital appraisal, emotional feeling, situationally based- behavioral response | Robert Levy's 3 stage cognitive model of emotion includes |
| initial approval | The meaning of the event is determined by cognitive assessment, based upon cultural schemas. |
| Refers to bodily sensations that are felt as a result of cognitive appraisal. | emotional feeling |
| Rapid breathing, tightness in the stomach, blood rushing to your head, and headache. | what physical feelings are associated with anxiety |
| situationally based behavioral response | this is the observable response carried out by an individual in response to the first two stages. |
| situationally based behavioral response | is usually automatic and instantaneous because it has been structured in the neural networks of the brain. The brain automatically cognizes event in a particular way consistent with cultural schemas because of cultural learning and prior individual experience. |
| because they are structured within the nervous system, and cultural schemas play a central role in the construction of emotions through the cognitive construction of meanings with resulting physiological changes and behavioral actions. | why do situational based behavior seemed natural |
| state anxiety | refers to the fluid/situational aspects of anxiety. It is ever changing, and fluctuates in response to situational circumstances. |
| trait anxiety | refers to a personality characteristic it is an acquired behavioral tendency/disposition that influences behavior. |
| self report measures/scales physiological measures | How are arousal and anxiety measured? |
| DIRECT RELATIONSHIP Individuals who have more trait anxiety typically experience higher state anxiety levels in highly competitive, evaluative situations. However, this relationship is not perfect, but, in general, knowing an individual's trait anxiety level is usually helpful in predicting how he/she will respond in competitive, evaluative, or threatening situations. | Is trait and state anxiety related? |
| stress | is any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a person's well-being. |
| cope | when we atre stressed, our ability to ___ is impaired |
| stress | A substantial imbalance between physical/psychological demand and response capability, under conditions where failure to meet that demand has important consequences. |
| stress | is a process/series of events that leads to a particular event. |
| stimulis or response. process | Stress is not merely a ___ or a ____. It is a ___ by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges. |
| think/ perceive | how stress effects us depends on how we ___, if we ____ we are in control |
| social support | ____ can also help when dealing with stress |
| environmental stress | The demand placed upon the individual, psychological and/or physical. |
| perception of demand | The individual's perception of this physical/psychological demand. |
| stress response | The individual's psychological/physical response to a perception of the situation. |
| behavioral consequences | The actual behavior of the individual under stress and the outcome of that behavior (i.e., success versus failure). |
| uncertainty & event importance | name 2 situational sources of stress |
| phobias | most common anxiety disorders are __ |
| phobia | Disruptive fear of a particular object or situation Fear out of proportion to actual threat Awareness that fear is excessive Must be severe enough to cause distress or interfere with job or social life |
| specific & social | 2 types of phobia |
| specific phobia | Unwarranted, excessive fear of specific object or situation Snakes, blood, flying, spiders, etc |
| social phobia | Persistent, intense fear of social situations Fear of negative evaluation or scrutiny |
| panic attack | Sudden, intense episode of apprehension, terror, feelings of impending doom |
| panic disorder | Frequent panic attacks unrelated to specific situations |
| Recurrent unexpected panic attacks At least one of the attacks has been followed by at least 1 month of one or more of the following | Persistent concern about having additional panic attacks Worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences A significant change in behavior related to the attacks Presence or absence of agoraphobiaThe panic attacks are not due to the direct physiologic effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition |
| generalized anxiety disorder | Involves chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry Lasts at least 6 months Interferes with daily life |
| obsessive compulsive disorder | Obsessions Intrusive, persistent, and uncontrollable thoughts or urges Experienced as irrational |
| compulsions | Impulse to repeat certain behaviors or mental acts to avoid distress |
| ocd | Develops either before age 10 or during late adolescence/early adulthood |
| post traumatic stress disorder | Extreme response to severe stressor Anxiety, avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma, emotional numbing Exposure to a traumatic event that involves actual or threatened death or injury |
| Re-experiencing the traumatic event Nightmares, intrusive thoughts, or images Avoidance of stimuli e.g., Refuse to walk on street where rape occurred Numbing Decreased interest in others Distant or estranged from others Unable to experience positive emotions Increased arousal Insomnia, irritability, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response | 3 categories of symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder |
| acute stress disorder | As many as 90% of rape victims experience |
| duration varies | what is the difference between acute stress disorder & post traumatic stress disorder |
| comorbidity | ¾ of those with anxiety disorder meet criteria for another disorder |
| women | ____ are 2x as likely as men to have anxiety disorder except for OCD |
| Women may be more likely to report symptoms Women more likely to experience childhood sexual abuse Women show more biological stress reactivity | why are women more likely to have anxiety disorders |
| genetics, negative life events, personality tendencies such as negativity | Name some risk factors |
| exposure | psychological experiences emphasize |
| cognitive behavoral therapy | Increase patient's awareness of thoughts that make physical sensations threatening Patient learns to challenge and change maladaptive beliefs |
| Anxiolytics 1. Benzodiazepenes 2. anti depressants | Drugs that reduce anxiety |
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