1.
Alexander II: Czar Nicholas I's son who decided to move Russia towards modernization and social change
2.
Balance of power: a political situation in which on one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others
3.
Camilo di Cavour: Italy's first prime minister who came to governing in 1852 alongside king Victor Emmanuel II
4.
Concert of Europe: a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century devised by Prince Klemens con Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions
5.
Congess of Vienna: a series of meetings in 1814-1815 during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon
6.
conservative: in the first half of the 19th century, a European- usually a wealthy landowner of noble- who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe
7.
Giuseppe Garibaldi: a bold and visionary soldier who led a small army of Italian nationalists to battle in 1860 and captured Sicily
8.
Holy Alliance: a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna
9.
Junker: strongly conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class
10.
kaiser: a German emperor (from the Roman title Caesar)
11.
Klemens von Metternich: the foreign minister of Austria who was the most influential leader during the congress of Vienna
12.
legitimacy: the hereditary right of a monarch to rule
13.
liberal: in the 1st half of the 19th century, a European- usually a middle class business leader or merchant- who wanted to give more political power to elected parliaments
14.
Louis-Napoleon: Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew who won the presidential election in France but later took the title of Emperor Napoleon III
15.
nation-state: an independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity
16.
nationalism: the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation- that is, to the people who whom they share a culture and history- rather than to a king or empire
17.
Otto von Bismarck: A conservative Junker who was prime minister of Germany in 1862
18.
radical: in the first half of the 19th century, a European who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people
19.
realpolitik: "the politics of reality"- the practice of tough power politics without room for idealism
20.
Russification: the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian Empire
21.
the Balkans: region that included part of Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, TUrkey, and the former Yugoslavia
