PCOM: Anatomy 2 - The Cardiovascular System, Blood Vessel and The Lymphatic System
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Created by:
plecke Plus on February 23, 2012
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115 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 the three layers of the blood vessel walls, internal to external | tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa |
| three layers of the tunica intima, internal to external | endothelium, sub-endothelial layer, internal elastic lamina |
| function of the tunica intima | reduces friction between the vessel walls and the blood |
| layer of the tunica intima that is not found in veins | internal elastic lamina |
| the basal membrane of the blood vessels | the sub-endothelial layer |
| function of the internal elastic lamina | elasticity for arteries due to arterial pressure (high pressure system) |
| composition of the tunica media | smooth and elastic muscles and the external elastic lamina |
| differences in the tunica media in arteries and veins | thinner in veins as it is a low pressure system |
| two layers of the tunica media in arteries | muscle layer and the external elastic lamina |
| function of the tunica media | controls vasodilation and vasoconstriction |
| composition of the tunica externa | collagen fibers |
| function of the tunica externa | protects, reenforces, and anchors the vessel to surrounding structures |
| feature of vessel structure found in veins only | internal, one way venous valves that are covered in endothelium |
| function of the venous valves | to prevent back flow of blood as it returns to the heart - found mostly in the extremities |
| how blood returns to the heart against gravity | the muscles of the leg pump it up as constricting occurs during use (e.g. walking) |
| how blood form the abdominopelvic region returns to the heart | the respiratory pump - contraction of the diaphragm creates high pressure in the lower region and low pressure in the upper region, causing blood to be drawn upward |
| the largest arteries as they lead away from the heart | elastic or conducting arteries |
| physical characteristic of conducting arteries allowing them to withstand changes in arterial pressure due to the heart action | contain large amounts of elastin, creating elasticity |
| second level of arteries | muscular or distributing arteries |
| function of muscular or distributing arteries | deliver blood to specific organs and very active in vasoconstriction |
| important physical characteristic of muscular or distributing arteries | they contain the largest tunica media of all arteries due to greater muscle content for vasoconstriction |
| smallest arteries | arterioles |
| function of the arterioles | regulate blood flow into the capillary beds through vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
| important physical characteristic of arterioles | the muscle layer of the tunica media is made of smooth muscle only |
| physical characteristic of the capillaries | they are the smallest vessels |
| function of the capillaries | they allow the exchange of substances between the vessels and the interstitial fluid |
| continuous capillaries | contain no muscle, the capillary wall is one cell thick with a basement membrane, and are the least permeable and most common capillary; still allow the passage of fluids and small solutes |
| fenestrated capillaries | contain fenestrations (small pores) and are more permeable than continuous capillaries and are found in specialized locations like the kidneys and small intestine |
| sinusoidal capillaries | the most permeable capillaries allowing large molecules to pass through; found in the liver, spleen and bone marrow |
| where the smallest capillaries are found | in the spleen - sinusoidal |
| structure at the end of the arterial circulation | capillary beds |
| structure of the capillary beds | microcirculatory network with a vascular shunt and the true capillaries that act as exchange vessels |
| structure at the entry point for the capillary beds | pre-capillary sphincter |
| function of the pre-capillary sphincter | regulates the flow of blood through the capillary bed |
| structure of the pre-capillary sphincter | a cuff of smooth muscle surrounding each capillary at the metarteriole |
| blood flow when the pre-capillary sphincter is open | blood flows into the capillary bed allowing the plasma to leave the blood into the interstitial spaces with nutrients, etc for the tissues/cells they supply |
| blood flow when the pre-capillary sphincters are closed | blood passes through the vascular shunt, bypassing the capillary bed without release plasma and its solutes |
| where the plasma released into the interstitial fluids returns to the blood | in the venous side of the capillary bed - the beginning of venous system |
| percentage of plasma that is not returned to the blood by capillary re-uptake | 1% |
| where the capillaries converge | venules - allow fluid and WBCs to move easily between the blood and tissues |
| what venules form as they converge | veins |
| physical characteristics of veins | thin walled with relatively large lumens |
| additional term for small and large veins | capacitance vessels |
| function of veins as capacitance vessels | store blood - 65% of the blood in the body is in the venous system at any given time |
| venous response when blood pressure drops | vasoconstriction - increases the blood volume in the arterial system |
| percentage of blood in systemic circulation at any given time | 84% |
| vascular anastomoses | where vascular channels unite forming alternative blood pathways to allow blood supply and drainage from an area even if one channel is blocked |
| blood pressure | measured in arteries - the force per unit area exerted by the blood on the blood walls expressed in millimeters of mercury |
| effect of High Blood Pressure | damages the endothelium of the vessels leading to atherosclerosis |
| how blood pressure results | the resistance of the blood during the pumping action of t heart |
| blood pressure levels throughout the systemic circuit | highest in the aorta, decreasing throughout the pathway until is reaches 0 in the right atrium |
| cardiac output | the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle each minute CO = SV (stroke volume) x HR (heart rate) |
| stroke volume | the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle on each contraction |
| what arterial Blood pressure signifies | how much the arteries close to the heart can be stretched (compliance or distensibility) and the volume of blood forced into them at any given time |
| systolic pressure | the peak pressure created when the left ventricle contracts forcing blood into the aorta (normally about 120mm Hg) |
| diastolic pressure | the pressure created when back flow into the ventricles is prevented by the semilunar valves (normally about 70-80 mm Hg) |
| characteristics of where arteries run | deep and are well protected |
| characteristics of where veins run | both deep (parallel to the arteries) and superficial (just under the skin |
| number of terminal systemic arteries | one - the aorta |
| number of terminal systemic veins | two - inferior and superior vena cava |
| three parts of the aorta | ascending aorta, arch of the aorta, thoracic aorta |
| the 4 paired arteries of the head and neck | costocervical trunk, thyrocervical trunk, vertebral artery, common carotid artery |
| from where the left common carotid artery arises | from the aortic arch |
| from where the right common carotid arises | from the brachiocephalic trunk as it branches from the aortic arch |
| two branches of the common carotid | the external and internal |
| area the internal carotid supplies | major supplier of blood to the brain |
| area the external carotid supplies | the scalp, face, larynx and some of the thyroid |
| from where the vertebral arteries arise | subclavian artery, the first and most medial branch |
| area the vertebral artery supplies | passes through the transverse processes of the cervical spine and supplies the brain |
| from where the thyrocervical artery arises | subclavian artery, lateral to the vertebral arteries |
| area the thyrocervical trunk supplies | thyroid gland and portions of the cervical spine |
| from where the costocervical artery arises | subclavian artery, lateral to the thyrocervical arteries |
| area the costocervical artery supplies | deep neck muscles |
| the three branches of the aortic arch from right to left | the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, the left subclavian |
| the two branches of the brachiocephalic trunk medial to lateral | the right common carotid, the right subclavian |
| area supplied by the subclavian arteries | the upper extremities |
| pathway of the subclavian arteries | becomes the axillary artery at the armpit, the brachial artery at the elbow and the radial and ulnar arteries at the wrist |
| from where the left and right coronary arteries arise | the ascending aorta |
| artery that supplies the abdomen | the abdominal aorta |
| from the where the abdominal aorta arises | from the thoracic aorta as it passes through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm |
| most proximal artery that supplies the lever, stomach and spleen | celiac trunk |
| artery that supplies intestines, rectum and tissues | superior and inferior mesenteric arteries |
| from where the mesenteric arteries arise | the abdominal aorta |
| artery that supplies the kidneys | the renal artery |
| from where the renal arteries arise | between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries off the abdominal aorta |
| arteries that supply the pelvis and lower extremities | the common iliac arteries |
| from where the common iliac arteries arise | the abdominal artery bifurcates at around the iliac crest/L-4 level, forming the right and left common iliac arteries |
| how blood supply moves to the pelvis | the common iliac bifurcates and the pelvis and pelvic organs are supplied by the internal iliac artery |
| how blood supply moves to the lower extremities | the common iliac bifurcates and the external iliac artery supplies the lower extermities |
| pathway of the external iliac arteries | becomes the femoral artery in the thigh, has multiple branches at the knee |
| area from which blood drains to the superior vena cava | head, neck, upper extermities |
| area from which blood drains to the inferior vena cava | the trunk and lower extremities |
| area from which blood drains to the coronary sinus | the heart |
| three pairs of veins to which blood drains from the head and neck | external jugular, vertebral, and internal jugular |
| area from which blood drains to the external jugular | scalp and face |
| area from which blood drains to the vertebral veins | the brain |
| area from which blood drains to the internal jugular | the brain |
| the area to which the external vein drains | the subclavian vein |
| area to which the subclavian, vertebral and internal jugular drain | the brachiocephalic branch bilaterally |
| area to which the brachiocephalic veins drain | the merge and become the superior vena cava |
| pathway by which the blood of the thoracic wall and tissues are drained | the accessory hemi-azygos veins to the hemi-azygos veins, which merge to the azygos vein which drains to the superior vena cava |
| pathway by which the abdominal viscera and abdominal walls drain | through the portal system - the splenic vein drains the spleen and merges with the superior mesenteric vein to become the hepatic portal vein which transports blood to the two lobes of the liver for the storage of unused nutrients which then drains the blood to the inferior vena cava via the Right and left hepatic veins |
| to where the inferior mesenteric circulation drains | to the splenic vein |
| pathway by which the blood drains from the pelvis and pelvic organs | via the internal iliac vein which merges with the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein to the inferior vena cava |
| pathway by which the blood drains from the lower extremities | lower limbs via several veins to the femoral vein in th thigh to the external iliac vein which merges with the internal iliac vein to form the common iliac vein which feed to the inferior vena cava |
| function of the lymph system | takes up the 1% of the plasma that is not reabsorbed by the venus capillaries in the capillary beds during circulation and cleans it |
| flow of the lymphatic system | one way to the heart |
| beginning of the lymph system | lymph capillaries between the tissue cells and the blood capillaries in the loose CT - these are blind ends (not circular) |
| to where the lymph capillaries feed | to the lymph collecting vessels |
| to where the lymph collecting vessels feed | to the lymph trunks |
| to where the lymph trunks feed | the lymph trunks drain large areas of the body and feed to the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct |
| lymph nodes | collections of WBCs along the lymph collecting vessels and lymph ducts that clean the plasma |
| areas drained by the right lymphatic duct | head, neck, right trunk and the right upper extremities |
| pathway of the right lymphatic duct | drains to the right subclavian vein |
| areas drained by the thoracic duct | the majority of the lymph system, excluding the head, neck, right trunk, and right upper extremities |
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