| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Kinetic Molecular Theory | describes behavior of gases in terms of particles in motion. Makes several assumptions about size, motion, and energy of gas particles. |
| Elastic Collision | No KE is lost here |
| Temperature | a measure of the average KE of the particles in a sample of matter |
| Diffusion | the movement of one material through another |
| Graham's law of effusion | the rate of effusion for a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass |
| Pressure | force per unit areas. Exists in many units |
| Barometer | instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure |
| kpa mmHg torr psi atm | five units of pressure used |
| Dalton's law of partial pressure | total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all the gases in the mixture |
| Dispersion Forces | weak forces that result from temporary shifts in the density of electrons in electron clouds. Aka London forces |
| Dipole dipole forces | attractions between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules |
| Hydrogen bond | dipole dipole that occurs between molecules containing hydrogen atom bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom with at least one lone electron pair. |
| Surface Tension | energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount |
| Surfactants | compounds that lower the surface tension of water. Aka surface active agents |
| Crystalline solid | solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in an orderly, three-dimensional structure. |
| Unit cell | the smallest arrangement of connected points that can be repeated in three directions to form the lattice |
| Amorphous solid | the particles are not arranged in a regular, repeating pattern or shape |
| Deposition | Gas turns into solid |
| Sublimation | Solids turns into gas |
| Condensation | gas turns into liquid |
| Vaporization | liquid turns into gas |
| Evaporation | when vaporization occurs only at the surface of a liquid |
| Vapor Pressure | the pressure exerted by a vapor over a liquid |
| Boiling Point | the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external or atmospheric pressure |
| Phase diagram | a graph of pressure versus temperature that shows in which phase a substance exists under different condition of temperature and pressure. |
| Brownian motion | the jerky, random, rapid movements of colloid particles that results from collision of particles of the dispersion medium with the disperse particles |
| Colligative properties | A physical property of a solution that depends on the number, but not the identity, of the dissolved solute particles; example properties include vp, bp, fp, and op |
| Colloid | heterogeneous mixtures containing particles larger than solution particles but smaller than suspension particles that are categorized according to the phrases of their disperse particles and dispersing mediums |
| Heat of solution | the overall changes that occurse during the solution fomartion process |
| Henry's Law | at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid |
| Immiscible | cannot be mixed |
| Insoluble | cannot be dissolved in a given solvent |
| Miscible | can be mixed |
| Osmosis | diffusion of solvent particles across semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration |
| Saturated solution | contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute for a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure |
| Supersaturated solution | contains more dissolved solute for the given amount |
| Unsaturated solution | contains less dissolved solute for a given temperature and pressure |
| Solubility | the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure |
| Suspension | a type of heterogeneous mixture whose particles settle out over time and can be separated from the mixture by filtration |
| Tyndall effect | the scattering of light |
| Amphoteric | describes water and other substances that can act as both acids and bases |
| Arrhenius model | a model of acids and bases |
| Buffer | a solution that resists changes in pH when limited amounts of acid or base are added |
| Bronsted-Lowry model | a model of acids and bases in which an acid is a hydrogen-ion donor and a base is a hydrogen-ion acceptor |
| Conjugate acid | the species produced when a base accepts a h ion from an acid |
| Conjugate base | the species produced when an acid donates a hydrogen ion to a base |
| Conjugate acid-base pair | Consists of two substances related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single hydrogen ion |
| Aromatic | organic compounds that contain one or more benzene rings as part of their molecular structure |
| Chirality | a property of a compound to exist in both left and right forms; occurs whenever a compound contains an asymmetric carbon |
| Isomer | two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but have different molecular structures |
| Halogenations | a process by which h atoms may be replaced by halogen atoms |
| Functional group | an atom or group of atoms that always react in a certain way in an organic molecule |
| Hydrogenation | addition reaction in which hydrogen is added to atoms in a double or triple bond |
| Fission | large nucleus breaking down into pieces of about the same mass; nuclear power plants use this |
| Fusion | two or more light nuclei blend to form one or more larger nuclei; sun uses this energy |
| Decay series | the sequence of nuclides that an element changes into until it forms a stable nucleus |
| Mass defect | the difference in mass between a nucleus and its component nucleons |
| Radioactivity | the spontaneous breakdown of atomic nuclei, accompanied by the release of some form of radiation |
| Transmutation | one element being converted into another by a nuclear change |
| Emission | the particle ejected from the nucleus |
Combine with other sets
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