CHE 121: Chapter 3 (Atoms & the Periodic Table)
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CuriousCat on February 23, 2012
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Fundamentals of General Chemistry by McMurry
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Atom | The smallest and simplest particle of an element. |
| Atomic Theory | A set of assumptions proposed by the English scientist John Dalton to explain the chemical behavior of matter. |
| Atomic Theory #1 | All matter is composed of matter. |
| Atomic Theory #2 | The atoms of a given element differ from the atoms of all other elements. |
| Atomic Theory #3 | Chemical compounds consist of atoms combined in specific ratios. |
| Atomic Theory #4 | Chemical reactions change only the way that atoms are combined in compounds. The atoms themselves are unchanged. |
| Subatomic Particle | Three kinds of fundamental particles from which atoms are made. |
| What are the 3 subatomic particles? | protons, neutrons, & electrons. |
| Proton | A positively charged subatomic particle. |
| Neutron | An electrically neutral subatomic particle. |
| Electron | A negatively charged subatomic particle. |
| Atomic Mass Unit (amu) | A convenient unit for describing the mass of an atom; 1 amu equals 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom |
| Nucleus | The dense, central core of an atom that contains protons & neutrons. |
| Atomic Number "Z" | Atoms differ from one another according to the number of protons they contain. |
| Mass Number "A" | The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom is called, _____? |
| Isotopes | Atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers. |
| Atomic Weight | The weighted average mass of an element's atoms. |
| Period | One of the 7 horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table. |
| Group | One of the 18 vertical columns of elements in the periodic table. |
| Main Group Elements | An element in one of the two groups on the left or the six groups on the right of the periodic table. |
| Transition Metal Element | An element in one of the 10 smaller groups near the middle of the periodic table. |
| Inner Transition Metal Element | An element in one of the 14 groups shown separately at the bottom of the periodic table. |
| Alkali Metal | An element in group 1A of the periodic table. |
| Alkaline Earth Metal | An element in group 2A of the periodic table. |
| Halogen | An element in group 7A of the periodic table. |
| Noble Gas | An element in group 8A of the periodic table. |
| Shell (electron) | A grouping of electrons in an atom according to energy. |
| Subshell (Electron) | A grouping of electrons in a shell according to the shape of the region of space they occupy. |
| Orbital | A region of space within an atom where an electron in a given subshell can be found. |
| How many orbitals in subshell "s"? | 1 |
| How many electrons per orbital? | 2 moving in opposite directions |
| How many orbitals in subshell "p"? | 3 |
| How many orbitals in subshell "d"? | 5 |
| How many orbitals in subshell "f"? | 7 |
| Electron Configuration | The specific arrangement of electrons in an atom's shells and subshells. |
| EC Rule #1 | Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals available, beginning with 1s |
| EC Rule #2 | Each orbital can hold only two electrons, which must be of opposite spin. |
| EC Rule #3 | Two or more orbitals with the same energy-- the three "p" orbitals or the five "d" orbitals--- are each half filled before any one orbital is completely filled by addition of the second electron. |
| s-Block Element | A main group element that results from the filling of an s orbital. |
| p-Block Element | A main group element that results from the filling of p orbitals. |
| d-Block Element | A transition metal element that results from the filling of d orbitals. |
| f-Block Element | An inner transition metal element that results from the filling of f orbitals |
| Valence Shell | The outermost electron shell of an atom. |
| Valence Electron | An electron in the valence shell of an atom. |
| Electron-dot Symbol | An atomic symbol with dots placed around it to indicate the number of valence electrons. |
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