| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Unit of measurement for force. | Newtons. |
| Work= | force x distance |
| Unit of measurement for work. | Joules. |
| Unit of measurement for distance. | Meters. |
| How are kilograms converted to newtons? | 1N=10kg |
| Equation for Newton's 2nd law of motion. | Force=mass x acceleration |
| Newton's 3rd law of motion. | Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object. the second object exerts an equal and opposite force. |
| What force converts kinetic energy to heat energy? | Friction |
| List 3 types of friction. | Rolling, Sliding (kinetic), Static Friction. |
| Newton's 1st law. | An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion at a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force. |
| Define balanced force. | When all of the forces involved equally oppose eachother, creating a net force of 0. |
| What's a useful way to refer to very small numbers and very large numbers? | Using exponents. |
| What is a deduction drawn from an observation? | An inference. |
| Models can be used to test what? | Hypotheses. |
| List 3 observations the particle model of matter can explain. | Evaporation, dissolving, and freezing. |
| The finite number of elements that occur naturally in the earth is... | 91. |
| Define the term atom. | The smallest particle into which an element may be divided and still be the same substance. |
| Define the term moleule. | The smallest unit of a substance that has all of the physical and chemical porperties of the substance and that is composed of 2 or more atoms. |
| Define the term compound. | A substance consisting of two or more elements that are chemically combined. |
| What could beads shaken in a balloon represent. | Air particles. |
| Which two compounds consist of the same elements rearranged differently. | Sugar and starch. |
| How is a physical change different from a chemical change? | A physical change is from state to state while a chemical change is when atoms rearrange themselves. |
| The prefix "endo" means... | In. |
| Are all molecules about the same size? | No. |
| What factor causes particles to move faster and farther apart? | Heat. |
| Do all substances expand and contract at the same point? | No. |
| Describe an endothermic change. | Water boiling. |
| Describe an exothermic change. | Gas condensing. |
| What are the stages of the water cycle and are they absorbing or giving off heat? | Evaporation (absorbing), Condensation (giving off), Precipitation (giving off), Run-off (-) |
| Describe three ways to measure the volume of a solid object. | A drip can, A graduated cylinder, V=l x h x w |
| Write the formula for density. | density=mass /volume |
| When will substances float on water? | When their density is less than water's density (1g/cm3). |
| Define the term dominant. | Describing a genetic factor, or trait, that is always expressed. The presence of a dominant trait prevents a recessive trait from being expressed in offspring. |
| Name one of Mendel's chief contributions. | That many inherited traits would appear in mathematical patterns or ratios. |
| Define the term trait. | A genetically determined characteristic. |
| List the four essential properties of life. | Self-reproduction, self-organization, self-regulation, self-preservation. |
| Why did Redi substitute a gauze clothover the rotting meat? | To allow air to pass through to themeat to prove that lack of air wasn't preventing spontaneous generation. |
| What kind of reproduction involves the union of an egg and a sperm? | Sexual reproduction. |
| What kind of reproduction does not involve the union of sex cells? | Asexual reproduction. |
| What is a cytologist? | A cytologist is a person who studies cells. |
| What does the nucleus do in a cell? | The nucleus contains the chromosomes and controls most of the cell's activities. |
| What happens before mitosis can begin? | The cell must duplicate the DNA in the nucleus. |
| Define the term hybrid. | An offspring that contains one dominant gene and one recessive gene fior a given trait. |
| What is the fusion of two cells, one from each parent, that occurs during sexual reproduction? | Meiosis. |
| Define the term phenotype. | The external appearance of an organism as determined by its genotype. |
| What is needed to test a plant leaf for starch? | Iodine. |
| How much of the earth is covered by water? How much of that is fresh water? | 70% water, 3% fresh water. |
| Why is water the closest thing to a universal solvent? | Because water can dissolve more substances than any other substance. |
| Define the term heat capacity | The ability to absorb heat without increasing in temperature. |
| Define the term diffusion. | The uniform intermingling of particles of one substance with particles of another substance because of the motion of both types of particles. |
| Define the term osmosis. | The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from areas where water particles are more concentrated to areas where they are less concentrated. |
| Define the terms permeable/impermeable/semipermeable. | Allowing/not allowing/allowing only certain... substances to pass through. |
| Define the term diffusion. | The process of breaking down food into substances that can be used by the body. |
| Define the term respiration. | The process in which organisms combine oxygen from air or water with digested food in order to release chemical energy for use by their cells. |
| What happens to limewater when exposed to carbon dioxide? | The limewater turns cloudy or milky. |
| What are the two products of respiration? | Carbon dioxide and water. |
| What factors contribute to water rising in plants? | Capillary action-Narrow passages of plant stem cause water particles to rise through capillary action. |
| A positive test starch occurs when... | The iodine turns purple. |
| Describe Van Helmot's conclusion on the willow tree. | He concluded that the substance of trees comes from water after he conducted an experiment where one tree was planted in soil and one was in just water. After the same amount of time, they had the same mass. |
| What gas is given off by plants during cellular respiration? | Oxygen. |
| What's the function of the stomata? | They allow water vapor and other gases to pass into and out of the leaf. |
| Define the term transpiration. | The movement of water out of a plant by evaporaton from the leaves. |
| What 3 substances are needed for photosynthesis to occur? | Carbon dioxide, water, light energy. |
| List three functions of leaves. | Gathers light, undergoes transpiration, and performs phoptosynthesis. |
| Write the formula for photosynthesis. | carbon dioxoide+water =>(with light energy) glucose+oxygen |
| Write the formula for respiration. | glucose+oxygen=>carbon dioxide+water(makes energy) |
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